3. Bones and Joints

Question 1

What are the 4 functions of bones?

Answer 1

Weight bearing
protection
mineral storage
blood formation

Question 2

What are the 2 types of ossifications?

Answer 2

Endochondral: cartilage model first, BV invade it, ossifies it, cartilage moves to epiphyseal growth plate= becomes bone

Intramembranous: no cartilage, mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells and become osteoblasts which deposit bone ie in skull

Question 3

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 3

occurs in the spongy trabeculae of bone. Stem cells in bone marrow create red and white platelets

Question 4

What 2 components form bone?

Answer 4

1) Compact bone: made up of Haversian systems, found in the periosteum of bones

2) Spongy/trabecular bone: bone marrow, no haversian system, found inside bones

Question 5

What are the 3 types of cells found in bone?

Answer 5

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes

Question 6

What is the ECM in bone made up of?

Answer 6

45% hydroxyapatite crystals
35% collagen
20% water

Question 7

What do osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes do?

Answer 7

Osteoclasts: derived from hematopoietic stem cells. Found on bone surface, reabsorb bone matrix

Osteoblasts: immature osteocytes that secrete ECM. From progenitor cells

Osteocytes: mature osteoblasts in bone matrix

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

Answer 9

No, diffusion from perichodnrlal vessels

Question 10

What are the cells found in cartilage?

Answer 10

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Question 11

Where is each type of cartilage found?

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the ECM of cartilage made up of?

Answer 12

Glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans

Question 13

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 13

Question 14

What are examples of the 3 types of joints?

Answer 14

Fibrous= cranial sutures
Cartilagenous= epiphyseal growth plate or in between discs
Synovial= ball and socket

Question 15

What is the blood supply in joints?

Answer 15

Joints have rich blood and nerve supply
Anastomoses are common (joining of BV)
Hilton’s law: nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a certain joint also innervates this joint

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

What are the 2 types of growth of bone?

Answer 17

Interstitial= epiphyseal plate
Appositional= width

Question 18

What are the 5 different bone shapes?

Answer 18

Question 19

What are these bone markings?

Answer 19

Question 20

Identify parts of the femur

Answer 20

Question 21

Identify parts of the femur

Answer 21

Question 22

Identify features of the compact bone

Answer 22

Question 23

How would you differentiate between the atlas and the axis?

Answer 23

Atlas= opening ring with no spinous process
Axis= small transverse framing

Question 24

Identify the features of a rib

Answer 24

Question 25

Identify the features of the humerus

Answer 25

Question 26

Identify the features of the tibia

Answer 26

Question 27

Identify the features of the fibula

Answer 27

Question 28

Identify the features of the radius

Answer 28

Question 29

Identify the features of the ulna

Answer 29

Question 30

Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle

Answer 30

Question 31

What does the acetabulum articulate with?

Answer 31

head of the femur

Question 32

What are the 6 types of synovial joints

Answer 32

Question 33

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 33

Primary cartilaginous= synchondroses: hyaline cartilage ie growth plates Secondary= symphysis: hyaline and fibrocartilage ie pubic symphysis

Question 34

What type of cartilage is this ?

Answer 34