3: Cell Structure

Question 1

Resolution

Answer 1

The minimum distance apart that two objects can be in order for them to appear as separate items

Question 2

Homogenate

Answer 2

The fluid that results from homogenisation

Question 3

Photomicrograph

Answer 3

The image that is produced from a transmission electron microscope

Question 4

Eyepiece Graticule

Answer 4

A glass disk that is placed in the eyepiece of a microscope. A scale is etched on the glass disk

Question 5

Stage micrometer

Answer 5

A microscope slide that has a scale etched onto it

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

Cells that have a distinct nucleus and possess membrane-bound organelles

Question 7

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

Cells that have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles

Question 8

Nuclear envelope

Answer 8

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Question 9

Nuclear pores

Answer 9

Pores which allow the passage of large molecules out of the nucleus

Question 10

Nucleoplasm

Answer 10

Granular, jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

Question 11

Chromosomes

Answer 11

Consists of protein-bound, linear DNA

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

A small spherical region within the nucleoplasm that manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

Question 13

Cristae

Answer 13

Extensions of the inner membrane in mitochondria and provides a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes/proteins

Question 14

Matrix

Answer 14

The remainder of mitochondria, containing proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA. the allows mitochondria to produce some of their own proteins

Question 15

The chloroplast envelope

Answer 15

Double plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle

Question 16

Grana

Answer 16

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts

Question 17

Thylakoids

Answer 17

In stacks of grana, contains the pigment chlorophyll

Question 18

Chlorophyll

Answer 18

The photosynthetic pigment in thylakoids

Question 19

Stroma

Answer 19

Fluid-filled matrix in chloroplasts, where the second stage of photosynthesis takes place

Question 20

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

Has ribosomes present on the outer surface of the membranes

Question 21

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Lacks ribosomes on its surface and is often more tubular in appearance

Question 22

Cisternae

Answer 22

Flattened sacs that Golgi apparatus are made of

Question 23

Tissue

Answer 23

A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function

Question 24

Epithelial cells

Answer 24

Cells that line the surfaces of organs and often have protective or secretory functions

Question 25

Organs

Answer 25

Aggregation of several tissues that perform a specific role

Question 26

Cell wall

Answer 26

A physical barrier surrounding plant cells and bacteria, e.g. made of cellulose in plants

Question 27

Capsule

Answer 27

A mucilaginous layer of slime, covering bacteria

Question 28

Plasmids

Answer 28

Small circular pieces of DNA, in bacteria

Question 29

Capsid

Answer 29

A protein coat, that coats the nucleic acid of a virus

Question 30

Attachment proteins

Answer 30

Essential to allow the virus to identify and attack to a host cell

Question 31

Mitosis

Answer 31

The division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell

Question 32

Interphase

Answer 32

The period when a cell is not dividing, but DNA is replicated and cell carries out its functions

Question 33

Prophase

Answer 33

When the chromosomes first become visible and the spindle fibres develop

Question 34

Metaphase

Answer 34

When the individual chromatids line up at the equator of the cell

Question 35

Anaphase

Answer 35

When the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids apart to the opposite poles of the cell

Question 36

Telophase

Answer 36

When the chromosomes reach their respective poles and they become longer and thinner until they disappear

Question 37

Cytokinesis

Answer 37

When the cytoplasm divides and the two identical daughter cells are formed

Question 38

Binary fission

Answer 38

The process by which cells divide in prokaryotic cells