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General Physiology > 3 Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

3 Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

Anki: 105 Image Occlusion Cards (68 cards)

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1
Q

Regulatory mechanism: It conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons, which regulate other cells.

A

nervous system

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2
Q

Regulatory mechanism: It secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses.

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

What processes does the endocrine system regulate? (5)

A
  • Reproduction
  • development
  • energy metabolism
  • growth
  • behavior
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4
Q

The nervous system uses __ to transmit high-speed electrical impulses along axons, enabling rapid communication between body parts.

A
  • neurons
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5
Q

Why is speed important for the nervous system? (3)

A

immediate responses such as:
- muscle contractions
- reflexes
- rapid adjustments to external stimuli.

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6
Q

What happens once the electrical signal reaches its destination? (in neurons)

A

Neurons release neurotransmitters

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7
Q

The endocrine system uses __ secreted into the __ by endocrine glands, which travel to target cells or organs.

A
  • hormones
  • bloodstream
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8
Q

Chemical signals secreted into the circulatory system that communicate regulatory messages within the body.

A

Animal hormones

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9
Q

Do hormones affect all cells in the body?

A

Hormones reach all parts of the body, but only target cells are equipped to respond.

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10
Q

Can you give an example of a process regulated by hormones? (2)

A
  • Insect metamorphosis
  • blood sugar regulation (insulin and glucagon)
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11
Q

Glands that secrete chemicals into ducts, with effects where the duct empties, such as sweat glands for evaporative cooling.

A

exocrine glands

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12
Q

Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which are distributed throughout the body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

A

endocrine glands

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13
Q

What are some examples of exocrine products? (5)

A
  • Mucus
  • perspiration
  • oil
  • wax
  • digestive enzymes
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14
Q

How is human development regulated?

A

By various signaling pathways.

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15
Q

What activates signaling pathways?

A

Specific chemical signaling molecules

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16
Q

How do hormones and other signaling molecules affect target cells?

A

binding to target receptors - triggers specific response pathways

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17
Q

Where do chemical signals bind in target cells?

A

receptor proteins

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18
Q

Signaling pathway: It regulates cell fate and direct cell-to-cell communication.

A

Notch signaling pathway

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19
Q

Signaling pathway: Tissue patterning and organ development.

A

Hedgehog signaling pathway

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20
Q

Signaling pathway: It regulates gene expression and cell proliferation.

A

Canonical Wnt signaling pathway

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21
Q

Signaling pathway: It governs cell movement and polarity.

A

Non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway

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22
Q

Enumerate the intracellular communication (signaling) (3) with their subtypes (6):

A

a) Endocrine Signaling
1. Neuroendocrine Signaling

b) Paracrine Signaling
1. Autocrine Signaling
2. Synaptic Signaling

c) Direct Signaling
1. juxtacrine
2. gap junctions
3. plasmodesmata

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23
Q

A type of signaling where hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to distant target cells. Relatively slow

A

endocrine signaling

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24
Q

A type of signaling where neurohormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to distant target cells and trigger responses

A

neuroendocrine signaling

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25
Signaling where cells release chemical signals that affect nearby target cells. - secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells. Quick response.
Paracrine signaling
26
A form of paracrine signaling where the signaling cell also responds to its signals. - secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them
Autocrine signaling
27
A type of signaling where neurons release neurotransmitters into synapses to communicate with adjacent cells.
Synaptic signaling
28
Signaling where cells communicate directly through physical contact, such as via gap junctions or surface receptors.
Direct signaling
29
What are some types of secreted chemical signals/signaling molecules? (5)
- Local regulators - Neurotransmitters - Neurohormones - Pheromones - Hormones
30
Chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion and help regulate functions such as blood pressure, nervous system activity, and reproduction.
Local regulators
31
What are the two types of local regulators? (2)
- Paracrine signals: Act on cells near the secreting cell. - Autocrine signals: Act on the secreting cell itself.
32
Proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation.
Growth factors
33
Molecules that play a role in immune responses.
Cytokines
34
- Acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons. - Kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by white blood cells (WBCs). - Dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells.
nitric oxide (NO)
35
Nitric oxide (NO) - Acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by __. - Kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by __. - Dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by __.
- neurons - white blood cells (WBCs) - endothelial cells
36
Modified fatty acids that: - Stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth when secreted by the placenta. - Promote fever and inflammation, and intensify the sensation of pain. - Regulate the aggregation of platelets, an early step in blood clot formation.
Prostaglandins (PGs)
37
Prostaglandins are modified __ that: - Stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth when secreted by the __. - Promote __ and __, and intensify the sensation of __. - Regulate the aggregation of __, an early step in blood clot formation.
- fatty acids - placenta - fever; inflammation; pain - platelets
38
Nitric oxide (NO) play in the mechanism of erection: NO is released in the __ during sexual stimulation, leading to increased blood flow and erection.
- corpus cavernosum
39
Sildenafil (Viagra) effect on nitric oxide (NO): It inhibits __, which is responsible for degrading __ (second messenger molecule that modulates various downstream effects) in the __, thereby __ the effect of NO.
- phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) - cGMP - corpus cavernosum - prolonging
40
- Chemical signals secreted by neurons at synapses. - They diffuse a very short distance and bind to receptors on target cells. - They are involved in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement.
neurotransmitters
41
A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
42
- Chemical signals secreted by neurosecretory cells. - They diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream.
Neurohormones
43
- It increases water permeability of the kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction. - helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body.
ADH (vasopressin)/antidiuretic hormone)
44
the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls.
vasoconstriction
45
Chemical signals released from the body to communicate with other individuals of the same species.
Pheromones
46
What are some functions of pheromones? (4)
- Marking trails leading to food - Defining territories - Warning of predators - Attracting potential mates
47
Chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants.
Hormones
48
What roles do hormones play in the body? (4)
- Regulate growth and development - Control the function of various tissues - Support reproductive functions - Regulate metabolism
49
How would you describe the action of hormones?
Hormones are slow-acting but long-lasting.
50
Why might the same hormone have different effects on target cells? (3)
- Different receptors for the hormone - Different signal transduction pathways - Different proteins for carrying out the response
51
Can a hormone have different effects in different species?
Yes
52
What are the three major classes of hormones in vertebrates? (3)
- Polypeptides: Proteins and peptides - Amines: Derived from amino acids - Steroid hormones
53
Which classes of hormones are water-soluble?
Polypeptides and amines (some are lipid-soluble)
54
Which classes of hormones are lipid-soluble? (2) ## Footnote Give 3 examples of this class of hormone
- Steroid hormones - largely non-polar hormones. Examples: cortisol, testosterone, progesterone
55
Give three (3) examples of autocrine regulators
1) **Interleukin (cytokines)** - regulation of immune system 2) **Neurotrophins** - regeneration of peripheral nerves (can be a paracrine regulator) 3) **Prostaglandins** - inflammatory responses and as mediators of pain
56
Give an example of paracrine regulator
** Nitric Oxide (NO)** - dilation of blood vessels; neural messenger; antibacterial agent
57
They are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors--in the plasma membranes of the target cells.
water-soluble hormones
58
- A water-soluble hormone that mediates multiple effects to help the body respond to short-term stress. - It binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of **liver cells**. - Then, it triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes, resulting in the release of glucose into the bloodstream. - both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, but it acts mainly as a hormone.
epinephrine (adrenaline)
59
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to __ and diffuse through the __ of target cells (due to their ability to pass through the lipid bilayer)
- transport proteins - cell membrane
60
Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones: The hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to a receptor inside the cell, either in the __ or __. - A __ forms, which then moves into the nucleus. - The __ part of the complex acts as a transcriptional regulator of specific target genes.
- cytoplasm (cytosolic receptor) - nucleus (nuclear receptor) - hormone-receptor complex - receptor
61
Key events in hormone signaling (4)
- reception - signal transduction - amplification - response
62
What is the first key event in hormone signaling? Where there's detection of a signal in the environment.
Reception
63
A key event in hormone signaling that activates a series of proteins inside the cell.
Signal transduction
64
Key event in hormone signaling: A single hormone molecule activates multiple intracellular signaling molecules, resulting in a significant enhancement of the cellular response.
Amplification
65
What is the final key event in hormone signaling that is the change in behavior that occurs inside the cell.
Response
66
refers to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half
half-life of a hormone
67
two (2) factors influencing the hormone concentrations in the blood
1) rate of hormone secretion into the blood 2) rate of removal of the hormone from the blood (metabolic clearance rate)
68
clearance of hormones from the plasma include (4)
a) metabolic destruction b) binding with the tissues c) excretion by the liver into the bile d) excretion by the kidneys into the urine

General Physiology (15 decks)

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