3: Components of Innate Immunity

Question 1

PMNs

Answer 1

polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils and eosinophils)

Question 2

What is the most numerous cells of innate immunity?

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

Answer 3

2 days

Question 4

How do neutrophils kill bacteria?

Answer 4

1. phagocytosis
2. release of pre-formed enzymes and peptides from cytoplasmic granules
3. generating an oxidative burst to produce toxic oxygen byproducts

Question 5

T/F: Neutrophils present antigen to T cells

Answer 5

F

Question 6

Band neutrophil

Answer 6

an immature neutrophil

Question 7

Heterophils

Answer 7

neutrophils produced by avian species and some reptiles

Question 8

What cells regulate homeostatic processes and wound healing?

Answer 8

macrophages

Question 9

Where do macrophages primarily reside?

Answer 9

in tissues, making them the 1st cells to do phagocytosis

Question 10

What is the lifespan of macrophages?

Answer 10

months

Question 11

Fc

Answer 11

fragment of crystalization; a receptor for antibody

Question 12

T/F: Macrophages have Fc and complement receptors

Answer 12

T

Question 13

T/F: Macrophages present antigens to T cells

Answer 13

T

Question 14

T/F: Macrophages secrete cytokines

Answer 14

T

Question 15

What are macrophages in blood known as?

Answer 15

monocytes

Question 16

T/F: Macrophages typically recirculate back to blood from tissues

Answer 16

F

Question 17

What are macrophages in the lungs known as?

Answer 17

alveolar macrophages

Question 18

What are macrophages in the liver known as?

Answer 18

Kupffer cells

Question 19

What are macrophages in the brain known as?

Answer 19

microglial cells

Question 20

What are macrophages in the kidney known as?

Answer 20

mesangial cells

Question 21

What are macrophages in the skin known as?

Answer 21

Langerhan’s cells (may also be classified as dendritic cells)

Question 22

Dendritic cells are found in ___ numbers in tissues

Answer 22

low

Question 23

Where do dendritic cells migrate to following pathogen uptake?

Answer 23

lymph nodes

Question 24

What tissues are dendritic cells most commonly found in?

Answer 24

skin epithelia, intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive mucosae

Question 25

APC

Answer 25

antigen-presenting cell

Question 26

What is the most important APC?

Answer 26

dendritic cells

Question 27

What do dendritic cells interact with to drive activation?

Answer 27

naive T cells

Question 28

What cells provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 28

dendritic cells

Question 29

Complement receptors

Answer 29

system of proteins that tags a foreign object

Question 30

What are the 3 major phagocytes?

Answer 30

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Question 31

ROP

Answer 31

reactive oxygen products, are a byproduct of phagocytosis

Question 32

What does the phagosome fuse with to make toxic molecules?

Answer 32

lysosome

Question 33

In what species do macrophages make very little ROPs?

Answer 33

avian

Question 34

Where are ROPs generated?

Answer 34

phagolysosome

Question 35

What enzyme leads ROP production?

Answer 35

NADPH oxidase

Question 36

What is NADPH oxidase activity triggered by?

Answer 36

decreased pH of the phagosome

Question 37

Eosinophils are present in ____ numbers

Answer 37

low

Question 38

Where do eosinophils migrate to to complete maturation?

Answer 38

spleen

Question 39

What cells have Fc receptors on surface for IgE?

Answer 39

eosinophils

Question 40

What cells have bi-lobed nuclei?

Answer 40

eosinophils

Question 41

What is the lifespan of eosinophils?

Answer 41

12 days

Question 42

What is the lifespan of mast cells?

Answer 42

weeks

Question 43

Where do mast cells reside?

Answer 43

near blood vessels in tissues

Question 44

T/F: Mast cells have Fc receptors for IgE

Answer 44

T

Question 45

What do cytoplasmic granules in mast cells contain?

Answer 45

histamine and serotonin

Question 46

Which 2 cells perform antigen presentation?

Answer 46

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 47

Basophils

Answer 47

similar to eosinophils

Question 48

Eosinophils main function

Answer 48

killing of antibody-coated parasites

Question 49

Natural killer cells main function

Answer 49

kill tumor and virally-infected cells

Question 50

T/F: NK cells contain an Fc receptor

Answer 50

T

Question 51

IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

Answer 51

cytokines in NK cells that drive inflammation

Question 52

ADCC

Answer 52

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 53

When does ADCC occur?

Answer 53

antibodies are bound to a target cells via specific antigen determinants expressed by the target cell; once bound, the Fc portion can be recognized by the NK cell and destroyed

Question 54

Gamma/delta T cells main function

Answer 54

direct activity against microbial invaders

Question 55

T/F: Gamme/delta T cells are part of adaptive immunity

Answer 55

F

Question 56

Where are gamma/delta T cells found?

Answer 56

on mucosal and body surfaces (especially ruminants)

Question 57

What are the 2 main antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 57

defensins and cathelicidins

Question 58

Defensins

Answer 58

disrupt the structure and organization of microbial membranes due to electrochemical attraction

Question 59

What cells express denfensins?

Answer 59

Paneth cells, leukocytes, and phagocytes

Question 60

What cells express defensins in the male reproductive tract?

Answer 60

epithelial cells

Question 61

Cathelicidins

Answer 61

small cationic peptides that are toxic to bacteria, fungi, and some viruses

Question 62

What cells are cathelicidins found in?

Answer 62

epithelial cells, myeloid cells, and keratinocytes

Question 63

What vitamin deficiency is linked to bacterial infections?

Answer 63

D, due to a decline in cathelicidin and defensin gene expression

Question 64

What is an altered defensin gene expression associated with?

Answer 64

skin disease

Question 65

Lysozyme

Answer 65

small enzyme that attacks the cell walls of bacteria

Question 66

How do lysozymes destroy bacteria cell walls?

Answer 66

break carbohydrate chains, causing them to burst under pressure

Question 67

Where are lysozymes expressed?

Answer 67

most mucosal membranes and within endosomes of phagocytes

Question 68

Lactoferrin

Answer 68

a highly folded protein that binds to iron with high affinity

Question 69

Where is lactoferrin found?

Answer 69

milk and other mucosal secretions and in neutrophil granules

Question 70

What microbial molecule is very important in neonatal immunity in the gut?

Answer 70

lactoferrin