3. Contrasting East and West Flashcards

Question

Define Napoleonic Code

Answer 1

French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property.

Answer 2

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain.

Answer 3

A blockade imposed by Napoleon in which no ship coming from Britain or its colonies was permitted to dock at any port controlled by the French.

Answer 4

People of European descent born in the Americas.

Answer 5

A term for natives of Spain and Portugal.

Answer 6

The origins of revolutions in the Atlantic world were complex. No one cause lay behind them, nor was revolution inevitable or certain of success. However, a series of shared factors helped set the stage for reform. They included fundamental social and economic changes and political crises that eroded state authority; the impact of political ideas derived from the Enlightenment; and, perhaps most important, imperial competition and financial crises generated by the expenses of imperial warfare.

Answer 7

Although inspired in part by events in North America, the French Revolution did not mirror the American example. It was more radical and more complex, more influential and more controversial. For Europeans and most of the rest of the world, it was the great revolution of the eighteenth century, the revolution that opened the modern era in politics.

Answer 8

Although inspired in part by events in North America, the French Revolution did not mirror the American example. It was more radical and more complex, more influential and more controversial. For Europeans and most of the rest of the world, it was the great revolution of the eighteenth century, the revolution that opened the modern era in politics.

Answer 9

For almost fifteen years, from 1799 to 1814, France was in the hands of a keen-minded military dictator of exceptional ability. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) realized the need to put an end to civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule. And he did. But Napoleon saw himself as a man of destiny, and the glory of war and the dream of universal empire proved irresistible.

Answer 10

- 90% of the population consisted of people of color/slaves. - there were free people of color. - free people of color wanted to be seen as equals to Creoles (white people born in the colonies). - L'Overture: was a political leader and commander, once a slave but then he was freed, first he fought with the Spanish but then he switched to fighting with the French against the Spanish. - slaves held meetings in which they discussed when they were going to revolt. - slaves rebelled and destroyed sugar and coffee plantations. - France promised freedom to those who joined them in defeating the rebels. - 1804: Haiti became an independent nation.

Answer 11

- 90% of the population consisted of people of color/slaves. - there were free people of color. - free people of color wanted to be seen as equals to Creoles (white people born in the colonies). - L'Overture: was a political leader and commander, once a slave but then he was freed, first he fought with the Spanish but then he switched to fighting with the French against the Spanish. - slaves held meetings in which they discussed when they were going to revolt. - slaves rebelled and destroyed sugar and coffee plantations. - France promised freedom to those who joined them in defeating the rebels. - 1804: Haiti became an independent nation.

Answer 12

In 1800 the Spanish Empire in the Americas stretched from the headwaters of the Mississippi River in present-day Minnesota to the tip of Cape Horn in the Antarctic. Portugal controlled the vast territory of Brazil. Spain and Portugal believed that the great wealth of the Americas existed for the benefit of the Iberian powers, a stance that fostered bitterness and a thirst for independence in the colonies. Between 1806 and 1825 the colonies in Latin America were convulsed by upheavals that ultimately resulted in their independence. For Latin American republicans, their struggles were a continuation of the transatlantic wave of democratic revolution.

Answer 13

A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.

Answer 14

A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.

Answer 15

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill — a factory.

Answer 16

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt’s more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.

Answer 17

The name given to George Stephenson’s effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.

Answer 18

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.

Answer 19

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

Answer 20

A government’s way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.

Answer 21

English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.

Answer 22

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.

Answer 23

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

Answer 24

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

Answer 25

An individual’s sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.

Answer 26

English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Answer 27

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, the nation created by the formal union of Scotland, Wales, and England in 1707. The transformation in industry was something new in history, and it was unplanned. It originated from a unique combination of possibilities and constraints in late-eighteenth-century Britain. With no models to copy and no idea of what to expect, Britain pioneered not only in industrial technology but also in social relations and urban living.

Answer 28

Britain’s claim to be the “workshop of the world” was no idle boast, for it produced two-thirds of the world’s coal and more than half of its iron and cotton cloth. More generally, in 1860 Britain produced a remarkable 20 percent of the entire world’s output of industrial goods, whereas it had produced only about 2 percent of the world total in 1750. As the British economy significantly increased its production of manufactured goods, the gross national product (GNP) rose roughly fourfold at constant prices between 1780 and 1851. At the same time, the population of Britain boomed, growing from about 9 million in 1780 to almost 21 million in 1851. Thus growing numbers consumed much of the increase in total production.

Answer 29

The rise of industrialization in Britain, western Europe, and the United States thus caused other regions of the world to become increasingly economically dependent. Instead of industrializing, many territories underwent a process of deindustrialization or delayed industrialization. In turn, relative economic weakness made them vulnerable to the new wave of imperialism undertaken by industrialized nations in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Answer 30

In Great Britain industrial development led to the creation of new social groups and intensified long-standing problems between capital and labor. A new class of factory owners and industrial capitalists arose. The demands of modern industry regularly brought the interests of the middle-class industrialists into conflict with those of the people who worked for them — the working class. As observers took note of these changes, they raised new questions about how industrialization affected social relationships. Meanwhile, enslaved laborers in European colonies contributed to the industrialization process in multiple ways.

Answer 31

A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain) and France held in 1814–1815 to fashion a general peace settlement after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

Answer 32

A political philosophy that stressed retaining traditional values and institutions, including hereditary monarchy and a strong landowning aristocracy.

Answer 33

A philosophy whose principal ideas were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

Answer 34

A doctrine of economic liberalism advocating unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Answer 35

The idea that each people had its own spirit and its own cultural unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history and could serve as the basis for an independent political state.

Answer 36

A radical political doctrine that opposed individualism and that advocated cooperation and a sense of community; key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.

Answer 37

The well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups.

Answer 38

The Marxist term for the working class of modern industrialized society.

Answer 39

The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time.

Answer 40

The result of a great general strike in Russia in October 1905, it granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power.

Answer 41

The idea that disease is caused by the spread of living organisms that can be controlled.

Answer 42

The idea, developed by Charles Darwin, that all life had gradually evolved from a common origin through a process of natural selection. Darwin’s theory

Answer 43

The application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs, it sees the human race as driven to ever-greater specialization and progress by an unending economic struggle that determines the survival of the fittest.

Answer 44

A movement in art, literature, and music characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

Answer 45

A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

Answer 46

The movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodor Herzl.

Answer 47

An effort by various socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.

Answer 48

After finally defeating Napoleon, the conservative aristocratic monarchies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain — known as the Quadruple Alliance — reaffirmed their determination to hold France in line and to defeat the intertwined dangers of war and revolution. At the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), they fashioned a lasting peace settlement that helped produce fifty years without major warfare in Europe. On the domestic front, they sought to restore order and limit the spread of revolutionary ideas.

Answer 49

As liberal, nationalist, and socialist forces battered the conservatism of 1815, social and economic conditions continued to deteriorate for many Europeans, adding to the mounting pressures. In some countries, such as Great Britain, change occurred gradually and largely peacefully, but in 1848 radical political and social ideologies combined with economic crisis to produce revolutionary movements that demanded an end to repressive government. Between 1815 and 1848 many European countries, including France, Austria, and Prussia, experienced variations on this basic theme. The Revolution of 1848 failed in its attempt to unify the German-speaking states because the Frankfurt Assembly reflected the many different interests of the German ruling classes. Its members were unable to form coalitions and push for specific goals. The first conflict arose over the goals of the assembly.

Answer 50

Louis Napoleon’s triumph in 1848 and his authoritarian rule in the 1850s provided Europe’s victorious forces of order with a new political model. To what extent might the expanding urban middle classes and even portions of the working classes rally to a strong and essentially conservative national state that also promised change? This was one of the great political questions in the 1850s and 1860s. In central Europe a resounding answer came with the national unification of Germany and Italy.

Answer 51

By 1900 western Europe was urban and industrial as surely as it had been rural and agrarian in 1800. Rapid urban growth in the nineteenth century worsened long-standing overcrowding and unhealthy living conditions, lending support to voices calling for revolutionary change. In response, government leaders, city planners, reformers, and scientists urgently sought solutions to these challenges. Over the long term, success in improving the urban environment and the introduction of social welfare measures encouraged people to put their faith in a responsive national state.

Answer 52

After 1871 Europe’s heartland was organized into strong national states. Only on Europe’s borders — in Ireland and Russia, in Austria-Hungary and the Balkans — did people still strive for national unity and independence. Nationalism served, for better or worse, as a new unifying political principle. At the same time, socialist parties grew rapidly. Governing elites manipulated national feeling to create a sense of unity to divert attention from underlying class conflicts, and increasingly channeled national sentiment in an antiliberal and militaristic direction, tolerating anti-Semitism and waging wars in non-Western lands. This policy helped manage domestic conflicts, but only at the expense of increasing the international tensions that erupted in World War I.

Answer 53

A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.

Answer 54

Religious war waged by Muslim scholars and religious leaders against both animist rulers and Islamic states that they deemed corrupt.

Answer 55

Founded in 1809 by Uthman dan Fodio, this African state was based on Islamic history and law.

Answer 56

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884–1885 to lay down basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa.

Answer 57

An autonomous state or territory partly controlled and protected by a stronger outside power.

Answer 58

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa.

Answer 59

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

Answer 60

An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics.

Answer 61

The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.

Answer 62

A set of radical reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model.

Answer 63

Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms; they helped pave the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey.

Answer 64

The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason that the West’s impact on the world was so powerful and complex.

Answer 65

The movement of peoples in which one strong individual blazes the way and others follow.

Answer 66

Discriminatory laws passed by Americans and Australians to keep Asians from settling in their countries in the 1880s.

Answer 67

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the different regions of Africa experienced gradual but monumental change. The transatlantic slave trade declined and practically disappeared by the late 1860s. In the early nineteenth century Islam expanded its influence south of the Sahara Desert, and Africa still generally remained free of European political control. After about 1880 further Islamic expansion to the south stopped, but the pace of change accelerated as France and Britain led European nations in the “scramble for Africa,” dividing and largely conquering the continent. By 1900 the foreigners were consolidating their authoritarian empires.

Answer 68

Western expansion into Africa and Asia reached its apex between about 1880 and 1914. In those years the leading European nations sent streams of money and manufactured goods to both continents and also rushed to create or enlarge vast overseas political empires. This frantic activity differed sharply from the limited economic penetration of non-Western territories between 1816 and 1880, which had left a China or a Japan “opened” but politically independent. By contrast, late-nineteenth-century empires recalled the old European colonial empires of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and led contemporaries to speak of the New Imperialism.

Answer 69

Stretching from West Africa into southeastern Europe and across Southwest Asia to the East Indies, Islamic civilization competed successfully with western Europe for centuries. Beginning in the late seventeenth century, however, the rising absolutist states of Austria and Russia began to challenge the Ottoman Empire and gradually to reverse Ottoman rule in southeastern Europe. In the nineteenth century European industrialization and nation building further altered the long-standing balance of power, and Western expansion eventually posed a serious challenge to Muslims everywhere.

Answer 70

Over the course of the nineteenth century the Industrial Revolution expanded and transformed economic relations across the face of the earth. As a result, the world’s total income grew as never before, and international trade boomed. Western nations used their superior military power to force non-Western nations to open their doors to Western economic interests. Consequently, the largest share of the ever-increasing gains from trade flowed to the West, resulting in a stark division between rich and poor countries.

Answer 71

A poignant human drama was interwoven with this worldwide economic expansion: millions of people left their ancestral lands in one of history’s greatest migrations, the so-called great migration. In the early eighteenth century the world’s population entered a period of rapid growth that continued unabated through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Europe’s population (including Asiatic Russia) more than doubled during the nineteenth century, from approximately 188 million in 1800 to roughly 432 million in 1900. Since African and Asian populations increased more slowly than those in Europe, Europeans and peoples of predominantly European origin jumped from about 22 percent of the world’s total in 1850 to a high of about 38 percent in 1930.

3. Contrasting East and West Flashcards

Chapters 21 - 25 (95 cards)