3. CVD Risk Factors Flashcards
(38 cards)
Why does carbon monoxide increase the risk of CVD?
It binds to the haemoglobin so less oxygen is transported to tissues.
Therefore the heart must beat faster to meet the demnad which increases blood pressure.
Why does smoking increase the risk of CVD?
Nicotine cause adrenaline to be secreted which increases the heart rate and causes vasoconstriction of the arteries, resulting in higher blood pressure.
Other chemicals can also be harmful andlead to atherosclerosis due to a decrease of HDL cholesterol.
Why does alcohol increase the risk of CVD?
Heavy drinking contributes to obesity, high blood pressure and irregular heartbeat.
It can also cause tissue damage. In the liver this impairs it’s ability to remove glucose and lipids from the blood. This can increase the risk of plaque deposition.
Why does inactivity and lack of exercise increase the risk of CVD?
Helps prevent high blood pressure, maintain a healthy weight, raise HDL levels.
Active people are more likely to survive a heart attack or stroke.
Why does salt increase the risk of CVD?
Excess salt causes the kidneys to retain water which increases the fluid in the blood, increasing blood pressure.
Why does stress increase the risk of CVD?
Causes the release of adrenaline which causes vasoconstriction resulting in a high blood pressure
How are two monosaccharides joined together and what are the types of bonds formed?
Condensation reaction
Glycosidic bonds
What is the general formula of a monosaccharide?
(CH2O)n
Which monosaccharides from sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
Which monosaccharides form maltose?
Glucose and glucose
Which monosaccharides form lactose?
Glucose and galactose
What is glycogen?
A branched polymer of glucose, that can be easily hydrolysed to release energy.
Storage molecule in animals
What is starch composed of?
Amylose (20-30%)
Amylopectin (70-80%)
Describe the structure of amylose.
Straight chain (no branches), joined with 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Spiral shape
Describe the structure of amylopectin.
Polymer of glucose, 1,6 glycosidic bonds hold side branches to the main chain
What are the properties of starch?
Easily hydrolysed, cannot move across cell membranes so has little osmotic effect.
How is a triglyceride formed?
In a condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid. They form ester bonds.
Why are saturated fats solid at room temp.?
Straight chains pack closely together.
Strong IMF result
In unsaturated fats what is meant by monounsaturated and polyunsaturated?
monounsaturated- one C=C double bond
polyunsaturated- many C=C double bonds
Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temp.?
Kinks in chains prevent close packing
Weak IMF result
What is the ‘Basal Metabolic Rate’?
The energy required to carry out essential processes even when at rest.
State 4 groups of people BMR is higher in.
Males, heavier people, younger people, more active people
How can a person maintain a normal weight referring to energy balances.
By inputting the same amount as they output
How can a person become underweight referring to energy balances.
They input less than they output.
Input less due to illness or eating disorder
Output is greater due to high BMR, excessive excercise
