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Theme 1 (CHINA) > 3. Defeating the CCP's opponents > Flashcards

3. Defeating the CCP's opponents Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries launched?

A

March 1950

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2
Q

What was the campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries?

A

Openly aimed at preventing nationalist sympathises and their spies from undermining the regime

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3
Q

Who was under threat in the campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries?

A

The most vulnerable were people who worked for the previous nationalist regime
Academics who worked with foreign universities

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4
Q

What happened to western businessmen in the campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries?

A

Forced to leave the country and had their property taken

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5
Q

What happened to christian missionaries under the campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries?

A

Arrested and charged

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6
Q

When did the campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries extend?

A

February 1951 to include all forms of political dissident

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7
Q

Who were targeted under the extension of the campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries

A

Those who studied anything outside of Chinese history
Anyone who had family in Taiwan

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8
Q

What was self-registration?

A

Submitted autobiographies listing their friends and associates with the guarantee that everyone who confesses having worked for the regime would be treated leniently

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9
Q

What were victims subjected to?

A

Public struggle meetings where they were forced to admit their guilt in front of a crowd

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10
Q

How did propaganda intimate the people?

A

The people’s daily published names of criminals and the details of their punishment

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11
Q

What was the three antis campaign directed at?

A

Corruption, waste and obstructionist bureaucracy

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12
Q

Who supported the three antis campaign?

A

The middle class as it was discipline to those who had taken advantage of their power

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13
Q

How did the communists use public support

A

As an excuse to remove anyone in the civil service

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14
Q

What had happened by 1952?

A

The communists had trained enough loyal cadres and former employees were imprisoned/executed

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15
Q

What was the five antis campaign?

A

Dedicated to ending briebery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts and stealing economic information

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16
Q

Who did the five antis campaign target?

A

The middle class and private landowners

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17
Q

What was denunciation?

A

Wives and children would denounce their husbands through boxes on the streets

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18
Q

What happened to people who were found guilty under the five antis campaign?

A

Forced to pay fines, had their property taken and some were imprisoned

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19
Q

How did people turn on their bosesses?

A

Denounced their bosses through a team of activists who were ordered to gather info and evidence against former managers

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20
Q

In Shanghai what % of businessmen were found guilty?

A

99%

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21
Q

Who took over from former businessmen?

A

Cadres who took on leading management roles which reinforced loyalty

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22
Q

What was the reunification campaign?

A

Mao wanted to use military force to consolidate his control so took peripheral regions of China

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23
Q

How many Tibetans tried to resist invasion?

A

60,000

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24
Q

What did the CCP say that the invasion of Tibet was for?

A

Was to liberate the people from imperialism oppression

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25
What was the real aim of the invasion of Tibet?
To remove the Dalai Lama
26
When did troops enter Tibet?
October 1950
27
How did they take control of Tibet?
Set up a government that was superficially Tibetan but in reality was dominated by Beijing
28
How was the peaceful liberation of Tibet secured?
The Dalai Lama signed a 17 point agreement
29
How did the Chinese wipe culture in Tibet?
Imposed policies that wiped out all traces of separate identity Traditional religious practices were forbidden Mandarin Chinese was enforced
30
What was the worst policy in Tibet?
The new boundaries that ensured many Tibetans lived outside of the province of Sichuan so were forced to take part in communal land reform
31
What did Mao declare in November 1952 in terms of Tibet?
His desire to raise the population from 3 million to 10 million
32
How did the PLA migrate the Han Chinese?
Built a massive highway to help move migrants by military force
33
Why did Mao want mass migration of Han Chinese?
To marginalise the indigenous population and replace their traditional culture with the Han Chinese culture
34
How did propaganda help the CCP?
Explained the benefits of communism Dances and dramas told tales of liberation
35
Where did Tibetans migrate to?
Indian, telling tales of persecution and torturee
36
Who lived in Xinjiang?
A large population of muslims, who had close ethnic ties with the Soviet Union
37
What was the issues of muslims?
They had a different written language, divergent cultural heritage and a strong sense of ethnic identity Mosques were common and the Arabic language
38
Who were the Uigurs?
Had a long history of opposition to central control
39
How did the CCP ensure control of nationalist leaders?
They were invited to thee political consultative conference in 1949 but their plane crashed so replacements were sent who agreed to Chinese rule and were given key posts in the new goveernment
40
When did the PLA secure Xinjiang?
By March 1950 by clearing all resistance
41
What was the issue of Guangdong?
This province had been pro-nationalist
42
How many people were executed in Guangdong?
28,000
43
What did Chiang Kai Shek do in Taiwan?
Claimed Taiwan to be the official China and set about preparing to invade thee communist control mainland
44
What prevented the communists from invading Taiwan?
Their involvement in the Korean war
45
What was Laogai?
Prison/labour camps set up to imprison enemies
46
When were Laogai firs set up?
During the civil war to put prisoners to work to cover costs of their imprisonment
47
Who were sent to Laogai?
Thieves, drug dealers and bandits Doctors, engineers and experts People who listened to foreign radio People who failed to meet quotas
48
What happened in 1955?
More than 1.3 people were forced down A ruthless hunt began for triads who were notorious criminals
49
What were conditions like for inmates?
Subject to torture, mistreatment, suicide, physical labour, lack of food and death
50
How many people died in prison camps?
27 million
51
What was laojiao?
Re-education camps developed to hold victims of the anit-rightist campaign
52
What was the "benefit" of laojiao?
Abandoned all pretence of judicial procedure and inmates could be held indefinitely
53
What was Jiuye?
Forced job placement camps which kept inmates as slave labourers
54
How did the system of Laogai benefit the regime?
Installed fear, terrorisation and enforced compliance
55
How much yuan did the forced labour contribute?
700 million in industrial products
56
How many tons of grain did the force labour contribute?
35,000 tons
57
What was the 100 flowers campaign
Many educated intellectuals such as scientists, professors and technical experts were deemed as class enemies
58
What was the "asking intellectuals for help" campaign
The government attempted to enlist the help of those who could organise modern industries, develop advanced technology and provide solutions to economic issues
59
What did the government fear had happened to the party?
That it had become bureaucratic and needed to be rectified
60
What was the issue with party cadres?
They were not longer revolutionary and only wanted power and profit
61
What did the government want to encourage?
Intellectuals to point out the mistakes of party members
62
What happened on the 2 of May 1956
Asked intellectuals to criticise and expose the party - let a hundred flowers bloom
63
What was the reaction to the hundred flowers bloom campaign
Many were reluctant to speak out
64
How did Mao increase criticism?
Made a speech to the supreme soviet state council conference admitting that he had wrongfully identified intellectuals and enemies Admitted that 800,000. had been killed and promised to release people from labour camps
65
What were some of the criticisms?
Failed to provide democratic rights Failure of freedom of expression in arts and culture Complained about economic inequalities and low wages
66
What was Mao outraged by?
The criticism - mainly of himself
67
What did Mao demand as a result of the criticism?
A campaign of class struggle
68
What became a crime after the criticism?
Opposing socialist culture and fundamental policies of the state became a crime Denying the achievements of the revolution

Theme 1 (CHINA) (4 decks)

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