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Anterior Segment Disease > 3: Developmental Abnormalities > Flashcards

3: Developmental Abnormalities Flashcards

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1
Q

lenticonus

A

cone-shaped lens protruding anteriorly or posteriorly

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2
Q

lenticonus laterality

A
  • anterior: bilateral

- posterior: unilateral

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3
Q

lenticonus treatment

A

surgical removal of lens (lensectomy)

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4
Q

lenticonus pearls:

-can ____ with age

A

progress

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5
Q

microspherophakia

A

small, spherical lens in which the equator of the lens is visible with full pupillary dilation

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6
Q

microspherophakia systemic associations

A

Marfan syndrome

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7
Q

microspherophakia pearls:

-lens may move and _____

A

block the pupil

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8
Q

microspherophakia treatment

A
  • cycloplegics are treatment of choice; miotics may lead to pupillary block
  • treat other complications as they arise
  • clear lens extraction may be necessary
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9
Q

congenital cataract: lamellar

A

alternating clear and white cortical lamellar opacities

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10
Q

congenital cataract: cerulean

A

blue opacities

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11
Q

congenital cataract: sutural

A

opacification of the anterior or posterior Y sutures

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12
Q

congenital cataract: polar

A

central opacity in the anterior or posterior capsule

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13
Q

congenital cataract laterality

A

unilateral or bilateral

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14
Q

congenital cataract pearls:

-typically, opacities are _____ and _____ vision

A

stable;

do not interfere with

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15
Q

Mittendorf dot

A

remnant of the hyaloid artery on the nasal posterior lens capsule

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16
Q

Mittendorf dot laterality

A

unilateral or bilateral

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17
Q

Mittendorf dot pearls:

-typically, ______ vision

A

does not interfere with

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18
Q

epicapsular stars

A

remnant of the tunica vasculosa lentis on the anterior lens capsule

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19
Q

epicapsular stars laterality

A

unilateral or bilateral

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20
Q

epicapsular stars pearls:

-typically, ______ vision

A

does not interfere with

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21
Q

persistent pupillary membrane (PPM)

A

remnant of the tunica vasculosa lentis on the anterior iris

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22
Q

persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) laterality

A

unilateral or bilateral

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23
Q

persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) pearls:

-typically, ______ vision

A

does not interfere with

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24
Q

Brushfield spots

A

aggregation of collagen in the iris stroma

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25
Brushfield spots laterality
bilateral
26
Brushfield spots systemic associations
Down syndrome
27
Brushfield spots pearls: - occurs in ____% of normal patients (called _____) - more apparent in ____
10-24%; Kunkmann-Wolffian bodies; lighter irises
28
aniridia
total or near-total absence of the iris
29
aniridia laterality
bilateral
30
aniridia pearls: - 90% of cases develop ____ - 75% of cases develop ____ - _____ are common - 25% of cases will develop _____
aniridic-related keratopathy (corneal changes- pannus, ulceration, scarring- occur in early teenage years); synechial angle-closure glaucoma; macular hypoplasia and nystagmus; Wilms' tumor (kidney cancer)
31
hypertelorism
increased distance between eyes and orbit; increased pupillary distance
32
telecanthus
increased distance between the medial canthi; normal pupillary distance
33
telecanthus systemic associations
fetal alcohol syndrome
34
telecanthus pearls: | -may also be the result of _____
nasoorbitoethmoidal fracture
35
telecanthus treatment
surgical treatment is possible but recurrence is common
36
anopthalmos (anopthalmia)
absence of the globe
37
anopthalmos (anopthalmia) laterality
unilateral or bilateral
38
anopthalmos (anopthalmia) pearls: - the globe may be replaced by _____ - may also be due to _____
a cyst; | enucleation, evisceration, or extenteration
39
microphthalmos (microphthalmia)
small, malformed globe
40
microphthalmos (microphthalmia) laterality
unilateral or bilateral
41
microphthalmos (microphthalmia) meanagment
- treatment of refractive error is critical; prevent amblyopia - surgical reconstruction
42
buphthalmos
enlarged globe due to elevated IOP before birth or during the first 3 years of life
43
buphthalmos laterality
unilateral or bilateral
44
buphthalmos management
management of IOP is critical
45
cryptophthalmos
hidden globe due to poor formation of the eyelids; skin stretches from forehead to cheek
46
cryptophthalmos laterality
unilateral or bilateral
47
microcornea
adult horizontal corneal diameter < 11 mm
48
microcornea laterality
unilateral or bilateral
49
microcornea pearls: | -increased incidence of ____
angle closure/narrow angle glaucoma
50
megalocornea
adult horizontal corneal diameter > 13 mm
51
megalocornea laterality
bilateral
52
sclerocornea
scleralization and vascularization of the peripheral or entire cornea
53
sclerocornea laterality
bilateral
54
cornea plana
severely flat corneal curvature, where the sclera and cornea have the same curvature
55
cornea plana laterality
bilateral
56
cornea plana treatment
- manage refractive error (hyperopia) | - monitor for glaucoma
57
posterior embryotoxin
anteriorly displaced Schwalbe's line; seem as creamy-white thickened line in the corneal periphery
58
posterior embryotoxin laterality
bilateral
59
posterior embryotoxin pearls: - occurs in _____% of normal patients - spectrum of conditions that have posterior embryotoxin as a finding: ______
~15; - Axenfeld anomaly (posterior embryotoxin + attached iris strands) - Axenfeld syndrome (Axenfeled anomaly + glaucoma; 50% of Axenfeld anomaly develop glaucoma) - Rieger anomaly (Axenfeld anomaly + iris stromal hypoplasia; corectopia and entropion uveae may also be present) - Rieger syndrome (Rieger's anomaly + dental and/or facial malformations)
60
Peters' anomaly
central corneal opacity, usually with iris strands that extend from the collarette to a posterior corneal defect behind the scar
61
Peters' anomaly laterality
bilateral
62
Peters' anomaly treatment
standard treatment is PKP
63
Peters' anomaly pearls: | -50% of cases develop _____ due to ____
glaucoma; abnormal development of the TM and Schlemm's canal and/or the presence of a shallow anterior chamber
64
epiblepharon
horizontal fold of skin across the eyelid margin
65
epiblepharon laterality
bilateral
66
epiblepharon pearls: - more commonly affects the ____ - common in _____
LL; | Asian infants, typically outgrown with facial bone growth
67
epicanthal folds
vertical fold of skin at the medial (and sometimes lateral) canthus
68
epicanthal folds laterality
bilateral
69
epicanthal folds pearls: - can create the appearance of _____ - common finding in _____
esotropia; | Asians and infants (in infants, typically outgrown with facial bone growth)
70
ablepharon
absence of eyelids
71
ablepharon laterality
bilateral
72
microblepharon
vertical shortening of the eyelids
73
microblepharon laterality
bilateral
74
euryblepharon
horizontal elongation and vertical shortening of the eyelids
75
euryblepharon laterality
bilateral
76
euryblepharon management
- conservative; topical lubrication | - surgical correction may be indicated
77
ankyloblepharon
partial or complete fusion of upper and lower eyelid margins
78
ankyloblepharon laterality
unilateral or bilateral
79
ankyloblepharon pearls: | -may also be the result of ____
cicatrizing disease
80
blepharophimosis syndrome
4 major facial features: - blepharophimosis: horizontal shortening of the palpebral fissures (eyes appear more narrow) - epicanthus inversus - telecanthus - ptosis
81
blepharophimosis syndrome laterality
bilateral
82
blepharophimosis syndrome treatment
surgical management
83
coloboma
defect in the eyelid or iris (can also affect the retina, choroid, and ON) due to failure of complete closure of the embryonic fissure
84
coloboma laterality
unilateral or bilateral

Anterior Segment Disease (22 decks)

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