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Year 2 Limbs > 3 - Elbow, forearm and wrist > Flashcards

3 - Elbow, forearm and wrist Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the carpal bones.

A

proximal row – scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

distal row – hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

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2
Q

Which fossae are present on the anterior side of the distal humerus?

A 
Radial fossa
Coranoid fossa (the coranoid process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is flexed)
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3
Q

What are the two articular surfaces of the distal humerus and what do they articulate with?

A

Capitulum – articulates with the head of the radius
Trochlea – articulates with the head of the ulna

(head of the ulna is at the distal end no?)

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4
Q

What is the importance of the epicondyles of the humerus?

A

They are important sites of attachment of forearm muscles

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5
Q

Which fossa is present on the posterior side of the distal humerus?

A

Olecranon fossa – the olecranon process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is extended

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6
Q

Where are tuberosities found near the elbow joint?

A

Radial tuberosity

Ulnar tuberosity

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7
Q

Where processes are found near the wrist joint (on radius and ulna)?

A

styloid processes

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8
Q

Where is the head of the ulna and radius?

A

radius - proximal end

ulna - distal end

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9
Q

What does the distal end of the ulna articulate with?

A

An articular disc (not with carpal bones)

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10
Q

What does the distal end of the radius articulate with?

A

Scaphoid and lunate (and triquetrum)

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11
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm?

A

Interosseous membrane

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12
Q

Which carpal bone is a sesamoid bone and which muscle tendon is it enclosed in?

A

Pisiform

It is within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

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13
Q

What are the two joints of the forearm that don’t form part of the elbow joint?

A

proximal and distal radial-ulna joints (especially proximal)

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14
Q

What is the distal attachment of biceps brachii?

A

Radial tuberosity

Biceps aponeurosis

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15
Q

What is the distal attachment of brachialis?

A

Coronoid process of ulna

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16
Q

What is the distal attachment of triceps?

A

Olecranon process

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17
Q

Which compartment are the pronators and supinators in?

A

Pronators – anterior

Supinators – posterior

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18
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the arm? (the triceps and anconeus)

A

radial nerve (C7,8)

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19
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm? (the biceps, brachialis and coracobrachialis)

A

musculocutaneous nerve (C7,8)

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20
Q

Where do the forearm muscles originate from?

A

distal humerus, as well as radicand ulna

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21
Q

Which muscles are in the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

A 
Pronator teres 
Flexor carpi radialis 
Palmaris longus 
Flexor digitorum superficialis 
Flexor carpi ulnaris
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22
Q

Which muscles are in the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

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23
Q

What is the name of the superficial muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm that flexes the digits?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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24
Q

What is the common flexor origin?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus – this is where most of the anterior compartment muscles (particularly the superficial muscles) originate

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25
Which of the superficial anterior compartment muscles do not cross the wrist?
Pronator teres
26
Describe the attachments of pronator quadratus.
It is attached between the distal ends of ulna and radius
27
What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum
28
Which tendon is continuous with the palmar aponeurosis?
Palmaris longus tendon NOTE: palmaris longus tendon isn’t present in everyone and before it spreads to form the palmar aponeurosis, it is attached to the flexor retinaculum
29
Name all the muscles in the extensor compartment of the forearm.
``` Muscles that move the wrist: • Extensor carpi radialis longus • Extensor carpi radialis brevis • Extensor carpi ulnaris Muscles that move the fingers: • Extensor indicis • Extensor digitorum • Extensor digiti minimi Muscles that move the thumb: • Abductor pollicis longus • Extensor pollicis longus • Extensor pollicis brevis Others: • Brachioradialis • Supinator ```
30
Where is the common extensor origin?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
31
What can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox?
Scaphoid (this is often fractured when trying to break a fall)
32
Which tendons mark the anatomical snuffbox?
Lateral – Extensor Pollicis Brevis + Abductor Pollicis Longus Medially – Extensor Pollicis Longus
33
What does the head of the radius articulate with?
Capitulum
34
What are the main ligaments found at the elbow joint?
Radial collateral ligament Ulnar collateral ligament Anular ligament
35
What kind of joint is the elbow joint?
hinge synovial
36
What is the role of the anular ligament?
It goes around just under the head of the radius and it helps hold the radius in place It allows the radius to rotate (pronation and supination)
37
Describe the difference in carrying angle between genders.
Men – 10-15 degrees | Women - > 15 degrees
38
Describe the articulation of the radius and ulna with the carpal bones.
The distal end of the radius articulates with scaphoid and lunate The distal end of the ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones, it articulates with an articular disc
39
Which muscles are involved in flexion at the elbow joint?
brachialis biceps (brachioradialis) (pronator teres)
40
Which muscles are involved in extension at the elbow joint?
triceps | anconeus
41
Which muscles are involved in supination?
Supinator Biceps brachii (EPL, ECRL)
42
Which muscles are involved in pronation?
Pronator teres Pronator quadratus (FCR, PL, brachioradialis)
43
Describe how the biceps contribute to supination.
The biceps tendon inserts into the radial tuberosity When prone, the radial tuberosity is turned posteriorly So then when the biceps contract, it will pull the tuberosity back around
44
Which muscles are important for: a. Flexion of the wrist b. Extension of the wrist c. Radial deviation (abduction) at the wrist d. Ulnar deviation (adduction) at the wrist
``` a. Flexion of the wrist FCU, FCR (APL, PL) b. Extension of the wrist ECRL, ECRB, ECU c. Radial deviation (abduction) ECRL, ECRB, FCR, APL d. Ulnar deviation (adduction) ECU, FCU ```
45
What is an important branch of the ulnar artery?
Common interosseous branch | This splits into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries
46
What are the arterial arches of the hand made up of?
Anastomosis of the radial and ulnar arteries
47
What is the name given to the space anterior to the elbow and what are its boundaries?
Cubital fossa Superior border – line between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus Medial border – lateral border of pronator teres Lateral border – medial border of brachioradialis
48
What happens to the biceps aponeurosis in the cubital fossa?
It merges with the fascia of the region
49
What important vessels and nerves pass through the cubital fossa?
Brachial artery and veins | Median nerve
50
What function does the brachioradialis have?
con contribute toward flexion or extension (depending on whether the arm is supine or prone) can also contribute towards pronation and supination
51
Describe the arrangement of superficial veins in the upper limb.
The cephalic vein (runs laterally) and the basilic vein (runs medially) originate from the dorsal venous arch of the hand The basilica vein joins venae commitantes to form the axillary vein in the arm The cephalic vein joins the axillary vein at the axilla The axillary vein becomes the subclavian vein at the level of the 1st rib NOTE: there is normally a median cubital vein joining the cephalic and basilic at the cubital fossa
52
Describe the deep venous drainage of the upper limb.
The deep venous drainage of the upper limb runs in reverse to the arterial supply
53
What lymph nodes are found in the upper limb?
Cubital lymph nodes | Axillary lymph nodes
54
State which spinal nerves roots make up: a. Musculocutaneous nerve b. Radial nerve c. Median nerve d. Ulnar nerve
``` a. Musculocutaneous nerve C567 b. Radial nerve C5678 T1 c. Median nerve C678 T1 d. Ulnar nerve C8 T1 ```
55
What is the role of the musculocutaneous nerve in the forearm?
(supplies the anterior compartment of the upper arm) | It has a lateral cutaneous branch, which provides sensory innervation to the lateral part of the forearm
56
Describe the passage of the median nerve through the arm.
Courses through the anterior compartment and lies anterior to the elbow, with the brachial artery Crosses over at the elbow joint It is the main nerve to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm
57
Where can the median nerve be damaged easily?
Elbow and wrist
58
Describe the passage of the ulnar nerve
via posterior compartment of the upper arm (no significant branching) lies below the medial epicondyle in the elbow
59
What does the ulna nerve supply?
some muscle of the forearm | MAIN NERVE OF THE HAND
60
Which muscles of the forearm does the ulnar nerve supply?
FCU | Ulnar half of FDP
61
Where is the ulnar nerve easily damaged?
It lies behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus where it can easily be damaged It can also be damaged at the wrist
62
What does the radial nerve supply?
all muscles of the posterior compartments of the upper arm and forearm
63
Describe the passage of the radial nerve
Passes around the body of the humerus at its mid-shaft in the radial groove Supplies triceps in the arm Courses via the anterior compartment of the upper arm more distally
64
Describe the divisions of the radial nerve
Divides just above the level of the elbow into; - Deep branch – the posterior interosseous nerve (motor) - Superficial branch – the superficial radial nerve (sensory)
65
Where is the radial nerve easily damaged?
It lies close to the humerus in the radial groove so fractures of the humerus could damage the radial nerve It can also be damaged in the axillary region
66
What is the role of the flexor retinaculum?
It holds down the long tendons and prevents them from bowing

Year 2 Limbs (7 decks)

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