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biology > 3. exchange and transport > Flashcards

3. exchange and transport Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

advantage of lower affinity to oxygen

A

during exercise
allows for more aerobic respiration/delay anaerobic respiration

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2
Q

how to find actual length from a sample

A

eye piece graticule
calibrate with stage micrometer

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3
Q

digestion of starch

A

enzymes hydrolyse glycosidic bond
(amylase) starch -> maltose
(maltase) maltose -> glucose

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4
Q

absorption of starch/glucose

A

co-transport
glucose moves with Na+ from blood into epithelial cell
via carrier protein
low conc of sodium into epithelial cell maintained by K+/Na+ pump (allows for Na+ diffusion from ileum)
glucose moves into blood via facilitated diffusion

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5
Q

digestion of proteins

A

proteases
hydrolyse peptide bonds
endo - internal bonds
exo - external bonds
di - between two amino acids

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6
Q

absorption of proteins/amino acids

A

specific amino acid co-transport proteins
for every Na+ ion that moves into epithelial cell an amino acid can move in too
conc gradient of Na+ ions maintained by Na+/K+ pump
amino acids move into capillaries by facilitated diffusion

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7
Q

absorption of lipids

A

micelles form from monoglycerides and fatty acids
freely move into epithelial cell by diffusion
polar so can move through phospholipid bilayer
short chains move directly into blood
longer chains form triglycerides in endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

digestion of lipids

A

(before) bile from gallbladder emulsifies lipids to make larger SA
- lipase hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

Key marking points for s shaped curve (top)

A

highER partial pressure of oxygen
So oxygen associates mrore readily with the haemoglobin

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10
Q

Marking point for bottom end of s shaped curve

A

Lower partial pressure of oxygen
Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
So oxygen more readily dissosiates

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11
Q

Relationship between surface area and volume

A

As SA and volume increases, SA to volume ratio decreases

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12
Q

Form of SA to volume ratio

A

SA:volume
X:1

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13
Q

BMR

A

Basal metabolic rate
Metaboli rate of an organism when at rate

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14
Q

Relationship between BMR and size of organism

A

Larger organism = large BMR

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15
Q

SA:vol ratio and BMR

A

BMR increases as organism size increases
Decreases per unit of body mass

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16
Q

Adaptation of tracheal system of insects

A

Waxy cuticle permeable to gases
Concentration gradient maintained by respiring tissue
Trachioles one cell thick so short diffusion pathway
Highly branched so short diffusion distance

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17
Q

Movement of oxygen into insects

A

Spiracle
Trachea
Trachioles
Respiring tissues/muscle cells

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18
Q

Adaptation of fish gills

A

Counter current system
SA
Small diffusion pathway

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19
Q

Mechanism for gas exchange in plants

A

Guard cells turgid
CO2 moves into plant
Guard cells become flaccid and CO2 stops moving in

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20
Q

How do plants an insects mainmise water loss

A

Close supra les or stomata

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21
Q

Xerophyte adaptations

A

Stomata is sunk in pits
Layer of hairs on epidermis traps water vapor
Curled leaves hides stomata less stomata
Thick waxy cuticle

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22
Q

Inspiration (breathing in)

A

External intercostal muscles contract
Ribs move upwards and outwards
Diaphragm contracts - moves downwards and flattens
Thorax volume increases, air pressure decreases
Air moves down pressure gradient into lungs

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23
Q

Expiration (breathing out)

A

External intercostal muscles relax
Ribs move downwards and outwards
Diaphragm relaxes and curves upwards
Thorax volume decreases
Pressure increases
Air pushed out

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24
Q

Forced exhalation

A

External intercostal muscles relax
Internal intercostal muscles contract
Pulls ribcage first down
Antagonistic

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25
Tidal volume
Volume of air in each breath
26
Ventilation rate
Number of breaths per minute
27
Forced expiratory volume
Maximum volume of air breathed out in one second
28
Forced vital capacity
Maximum volume of air it is possible to breathed out after a deep breath in
29
Enzyme to hydrolyse carbohydrates and bond it breaks and where
Amylase Glycosidic bond Salivary glands Pancreas in small intestine
30
Disaccharides -> monosaccharides
Membrane bound disaccharidases
31
Digestion of lipids Enzyme Bond Product
Lipase Ester bond Monoglyceride + fatty acids
32
Formation of micelles
Bike salts + lipids -> smaller lipid droplets Smaller lipid droplets —(lipase)—-> micelles
33
Enzyme for protein digestion
Edno/exo-/dipeptidase
34
Absorption of micelles
Micelles Move monoglycerides and fatty acids to epithelium Release monoglyericed and fatty acids which can move over bilayer as are lipid soluble
35
Structure of haemoglobin
Large quaternary protein
36
Order of affinity of oxygen to haemoglobin
When first O2 molecule binds it becomes easier for second to bind After second saturation it becomes more difficult to associate
37
Bohr effect
High CO2 = more easy for oxygen to dissociate Dissosation curve ‘shifts” to rhs
38
Low oxygen environment affect On haemoglobin
More readily associates with oxygen Curve shifts to left
39
High activity Levels affect on haemoglobin
More easily dissosiatedps Respiration Curve to the right
40
Effect of size of animal on haemoglobin
Smaller animal = lower affinity for oxygen Need it to more easily dissociate for keeping warm etc
41
Adaptations of artery
Thick muscle Thick elastic Recoil as heart beats
42
Adaptation of vein
Thin muscle walls Large Lumen Valves to prevent back flow
43
Artériole
From artery Thin Thick muscle
44
Capillary
Thinest Walls r one cell thick
45
Formation of tissue fluid
High hydrostatic pressure in capillary Fluid moves out of capillary by pressure filtration Capillary pressure decreases + low water potential Some water re enters capillaries Excess drained to lymphatic system
46
Cardiac cycle
arterial systolic Ventricles relaxed AND atria contract, decreases volume of atria Pressure pushes blood into ventricle through open AV valve, SL valve closed ventricular systole Atria relax AND ventricles contract, AV valves shut to prevent back flow, blood through semilunar valve diastole Both relax and both valves open
47
How do substances move through the phloem
Translocation Energy requiring
48
Role of heart in formation of tissue fluid
Ventricle contraction causes high blood pressure Forces water out
49
Mass flow hypothesis
Sucrose actively transported into phloem Lowers water potential Water moves from xylem by osmosis sucrose sinks
50
transpiration stream
water evaporates from a mesophyll cell creating a transpiration pull water moves through mesophyll cell wall water moves out of a xylem cell water moves up the xylem vessels
51
difference in structure between xylem and phloem
xylem has pits phloem does not xylem has lignin, phloem does not phloem has sieve plates, xylem does not xylem has cytoplasm, phloem does not
52
movement of oxygen from air to capillary
trachea bronhi bronchioles alveoli
53
limiting water loss in insects
waterproof exoskeleton spiracles open and close small surface area to volume ratio
54
palisade mesophyll
photosynthesis
55
spongy mesophyll
air spaces
56
coronary arteries
arteries which take blood away from heart
57
pulmonary artery/vein
from heart to lungs
58
renal artery/vein
kidney to to heart
59
what takes blood from heart to rest of body
vena cava
60
what takes blood from body to heart
aorta
61
artery or vein towards heart
vein
62
artery or vein away from heart
artery
63
what means heart doesn't require stimulation
myogenic

biology (8 decks)

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