3- Female Repro Flashcards by Nayla Mansoor

What is genital herpes

grouped vesicles on vulva or perineal skin that become pigmented after rupturing

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What is HPV

+/- Condyloma Accuminatum- venereal warts (cauliflower lesions) on vulva, vagina, or cervix
Asymptomatic (so underreported)

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What do the HPV serotypes represent

the higher the serotype, the higher the cancer risk
16&18= cervical cancer
6&11= benign condyloma

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What is Syphillis

vulvar lessons and chancers, cervicitis, or vaginal lesions

If left untreated can progress to secondary or tertiary

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What is chlamydia

non-specific inflammation of vulva and internal genital organs causing lower abdominal pain +/- fever and infertility

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What does chlamydia usually present with

dysuria and urethritis

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What is a bartholin gland cyst

obstruction of the bartholin gland (staph, strep, or chlamydia) causing an abscess
-Need I&D and abx

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What is Lichen sclerosis

white plaques and parchment consistency to vulvar skin usually in older women
-Hyperkeratosis (thick keratin layer)

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Is Lichen sclerosis malignant

No- but has a slight association with SCC

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What is a Dysgerminoma

counterpart to male Seminoma- childhood, aggressive, uncommon

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What is Endodermal sinus tumor

counterpart to Yolk Sac tumor of male testes- rich in AFP, rare, and rapid aggressive growth (kids and teens)

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What is a choriocarcinoma

highly malignant carcinoma made of trophoblastic cells arising from left over placenta (s/p abortion or birth) that produces hCG

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What does a choriocarcinoma look like

bulky, hemorrhagic nodules in placental bed invading veins and implanting in the vagina

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How does choriocarcinoma spread (mets)

#1- to lungs
Also liver and bones

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Is choriocarcinoma easy to treat

responds well to chemotherapy (methotrexate)

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What are RF for endometrial cancer

taking exogenous estrogen
Have an estrogen producing tumor
Obese/DM/HTN
Nulliparous, early menarche, late menopause

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What is an endometrial adenocarcinoma

most common malignant tumor, from epithelial cents lining endometrial glands
-Estrogen stimulates proliferation and causes malignant transformation

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How can you break the estrogen cycle

Getting pregnant- a progesterone dominant state

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Is taking exogenous estrogen when post-menopausal bad

Only has a small risk of carcinoma, but is good because it prevents bone loss

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What does an endometrial adenocarcinoma look like

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fungiating mass protruding into uterine lining, friable and soft (little storm) causing bleeding

What si the most important prognostic feature of endometrial cancer

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Stage based on size and spread
stage 1- confined to endometrium
stage 4- infiltrates bladder, rectum, outside pelvis

What are symptoms of endometrial cancer

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vaginal bleeding/spotting between menses
menorrhagia
eventual metrorrhagia (massive bleed)

Can you treat endometrial cancer?

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can do a D&C, but eventually need hysterectomy w or w/o ovaries
If advanced or distant mets= radiation
If inoperable, chemo

Explain the grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias

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CIN I: mild dysplasia
CIN II: moderate dysplasia
CIN III: severe dysplasia

Explain the cervical cancer stages

0: CIN limited to mucosa 1: invasive but confined to cervix (87% survival) 2: beyond cervix, not pelvic wall or upper vag 3: reaches pelvic wall and lower vag 4: beyond pelvis into adjacent organs (15%)

What are the types of ovarian cancers

Tumor of surface (germinal) epithelium *(MC, deadliest) Tumor of germ cells Tumor of sex word stroll cells (Mets involving ovaries)

What are the types of germinal tumors

serous, mucinous, or endometriod | or Brener tumors

What are serous tumors (germinal)

Most common, usually benign (15% borderline) Mimic fallopian epithelium Worse if bilateral or solid Better if cystic

What are mutinous tumors (germinal)

Benign, unilateral (can be borderline) | Filled with clear jelly and cause Pseudomyxoma peritonea with rupture (belly filled with mucus)

What are endometroid tumors (germinal)

solid tumors made of glands that resemble endometrial glands

What are Brener tumors

dense stroma in transitional epithelium that mimic renal epithelial tissue

What are symptoms of germinal epithelium tumors

Asymptomatic- chemo and radiation font really help but if benign or borderline, have good prognosis

What are germ cell tumors

Most common in benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) Usually <25 y/o If not resected, the skin and neural tissue in the cyst can develop malignancy

What is the origin of sex cord stromal cell tumors

Ovarian stroma cells that form follicles- they are hormone producing

What is the origin of mets involving ovaries

usually endometrial or breast carcinoma, due to estrogen receptors

What is a Krukenberg tumor

GI tumor with mets to ovaries

What are Thecomas

solid benign tumors that secrete ESTROGEN | cause menstrual irregularities

What is a granulosa

small and benign or large and malignant tumors that secrete ESTROGEN -Cause precocious puberty or breast/endometrial cancer in older women

What are sertoli-Leydig tumors

Benign or malignant tumors that secrete androgens and cause virilization (deep voice, hirsutism, micropenis)

What are complications of PID

infertility from scarring of tubes Ectopic pregnancy Rupture of tuboovarian abscess

What are RF of cervical carcinoma

Sex at early age multiple partners HPV infection other VD (herpes, syphilis)

What is a cervical carcinoma

SCC that originates in the transformation zone Altered cells are susceptible to viral infections so getting HPV can cause neoplastic transformation -Transformed cells stay undifferentiated and proliferate uncontrollably (squamous epithelium never matures=Dysplasia)

What is significant about the transformation zone and carcinoma

The zone can widen after trauma, like child birth, or chronic inflammation

What is Carcinoma in-situ

severe dysplasia limited to the BM (confined) | Once the cancer crosses the BM, it is considered invasive

What do you see on colposcope exam for cervical carcinoma

Mosaic pattern Tortuous vessels normally shiny, smooth mucosa is crater like (ulcerated)

What happens as cervical carcinoma progresses

purulent foul smelling drainage, but NO pain until it spreads beyond the cervix

What is the MCC of death in cervical carcinoma

slowly progressive renal failure

How do you treat cervical carcinoma

If recognized early, can remove with knife, laser ablation, or cryotherapy/electrocautery If advanced, chemo+radiation -All foci should be removed preventatively

What are benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts)

filled with sebaceous and sweat glands, hair, teeth, skin, neural tissue smell bad d/t sebaceous and sweat glands

3- Female Repro Flashcards

(49 cards)