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Biology lachimolala > 3 Infection And Response > Flashcards

3 Infection And Response Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

pathogens - microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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2
Q

What type of disease do pathogens cause?

A

communicable (infectious) diseases - can easily spread

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3
Q

Do pathogens affect both plants and animals?

A

yes, both plants and animals can be infected by pathogens

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4
Q

What are bacteria?

A

very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body

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5
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

producing toxins (poisons) that damage your cells and tissues

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6
Q

What are viruses (not)?

A

viruses are not cells, they’re tiny

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7
Q

What can viruses do?

A

reproduce rapidly

they live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage

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8
Q

What do viruses do in your cells?/Why do they make you ill?

A

viruses live inside your cells and replicate them using the cells’ machinery to produce many copies of themselves. The cell will usually then burst, releasing all the new viruses. This cell damage is what makes you feel ill

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9
Q

What are protists?

A

eukaryotes, mostly single-celled

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10
Q

What are parasites and what do they do?

A

some protists are parasites

parasites live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage - often transferred by a vector, which doesn’t get the disease itself

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11
Q

What two shapes do fungi come in?

A

fungi can be single-celled or have a body made up of hyphae (thread-like structures)

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12
Q

How do hyphae cause disease? (structures that make up fungi)

A

hyphae grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing disease

can produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals

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13
Q

3 ways pathogens can be spread

A

1 - water e.g. cholera
2 - air e.g. influenza virus
3 - direct contact e.g. athlete’s foot

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14
Q

Give the symptoms, consequences, treatment, prevention and ways of being spread for measles

A
  • measles is a viral disease
  • spready by inhalation of droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough
  • causes a red skin rash and a fever
  • can be serious or fatal if there are complications e.g. measles can lead to pneumonia (a lung infection) or encephalitis (a brain infection)
  • most people are vaccinated against measles whilst young
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15
Q

Give the symptoms, consequences, treatment, prevention and ways of being spread for HIV

A
  • HIV is a virus
  • spread by sexual contact / exchanging bodily fluids - can happen when people share needles when taking drugs
  • initially causes flu-like symptoms for a few weeks, then no more symptoms for several years (during this time, HIV can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs, which stop the virus replicating in the body and attacking the body’s immune cells)
  • virus attacks the immune cells
  • if the immune system is badly damaged, it can’t cope with other infections or cancers (this stage = late stage HIV infection / AIDS)
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16
Q

Give the symptoms, consequences for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) - a widespread plant pathogen

A
  • tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affects many species of plants including tomatoes
  • causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of plants - parts of the leaves become discoloured
  • discolouration means the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well, so the virus affects growth
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17
Q

What is rose black spot and its effect/way of being spread/treatment?

A
  • rose black spot is a fungus/fungal disease that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants (the leaves then turn yellow and drop off early)
  • this means less photosynthesis can happen so the plant doesn’t grow very well
  • spreads in environment by water or by the wind
  • can be treated by using fungicides and by removing and destroying the affected leaves (stops spread)
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18
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of malaria, and how is it spread and prevented?

A
  • malaria is caused by a protist pathogen
  • part of the malarial protist’s life cycle takes place inside the mosquito
  • mosquitoes are vectors (pick up the malarial protist when they feed on an infected animal),
  • when the mosquito feeds on another animal, it infects it by inserting the protist into the animal’s blood vessels
  • causes repeating episodes of fever - can be fatal
  • spread is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding (insecticides/destroying habitat)
  • people protected by using insecticides and mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
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19
Q

What is salmonella?

A

salmonella = a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

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20
Q

What symptoms do people infected with salmonella suffer? Why?

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A

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

- these symptoms are caused by the toxins that the bacteria produce

21
Q

How is Salmonella spread? (a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning)?

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A

spread by bacteria ingested in food,
or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
(eating food that’s been contaminated with Salmonella bacteria)

22
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella/food poisoning bacteria controlled?

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A

-in UK, most poultry is given a vaccination against Salmonella (this is to control the spread of the disease)

23
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella/food poisoning bacteria controlled?

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A

-in UK, most poultry is given a vaccination against Salmonella (this is to control the spread of the disease)

24
Q

What is gonorrhoea and and how is it passed on?

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A
  • gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)

- STDs are passed on by sexual contact

25
Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea?
a bacteria
26
What symptoms will people with gonorrhoea have?
- pain when they urinate | - a thick yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis
27
How was gonorrhoea originally treated and what has made it harder to treat?
- originally easily treated with an antibiotic called penicillin - harder now because strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it
28
How can we prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?
- spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics | - also the use of barrier methods of contraception e.g. condoms
29
4 ways to reduce/prevent the spread of disease
1) being hygienic e.g. washing your hands 2) destroying vectors e.g. kill them using insecticides or destroy their habit (by getting rid of the organisms that spread disease, you can prevent the disease from being passed on) 3) isolating infected individuals 4) vaccination i.e. can't develop the infection and pass it on
30
How does the skin act in the defence system?
- skin acts as a barrier to pathogens | - it also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
31
How do the hairs and mucus in your nose act in the defence system?
- hairs and mucus in your nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
32
How does the trachea and bronchi act in the defence system?
- the trachea and bronchi (breathing pipework) secrete mucus to trap pathogens (they're lined with cilia, hair-like structures which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed)
33
How does the stomach act in the defence system?
- stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth
34
If pathogens make it into your body, what kicks in?
your immune system tries to destroy the pathogens (white blood cells are important)
35
How do white blood cells attack pathogens (3 lines of attack) / defend against pathogens?
1) phagocytosis 2) producing antibodies 3) producing antitoxins
36
What is phagocytosis? (1st line of attack from white blood cells)
- when white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign cells and digest them how they digest: phagocytes membrane surrounds the pathogen and enzymes found inside the cell break down the pathogen in order to destroy it
37
Describe the process of how white blood cells (lymphocytes) produce antibodies: (2nd line of attack)
- every invading pathogen has unique molecules (called antigens) on its surface - when a white blood cell comes across a foreign antigen, it starts to produce Y proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells (the antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen - they won't lock onto any others) - antibodies are produced rapidly and carried around the body to find all similar bacteria or viruses (It can take a few days to make the antibodies that are specific to a pathogen and this may give the pathogen causing the infection enough time to make you feel unwell) - memory cells are lymphocytes that remain in the body after an initial infection with a particular pathogen; they produce the specific antibodies against its antigens so that if you get infected by the same pathogen again in the future (and the antigens are the same) you can produce antibodies much quicker against it before its numbers increase and it can cause damage to the tissues of the body
38
White blood cells produce antitoxins. What do antitoxins do?
they counteract and neutralise toxins produced by the invading bacteria
39
What are the white blood cells that produce antibodies also known as?
B-lymphocytes
40
Name 4 features of the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens:
- skin - nose (hairs and mucus) - trachea and bronchi - stomach
41
explain the role of the immune system in the | defence against disease.
If pathogens manage to pass the non-specific first line of defence then they will cause an infection. However, the body has a second line of defence to stop or minimise this infection. This is called the immune system.
42
the difference between antigen, antibody and antitoxin:
- An antigen is a molecule found on the surface of a cell - An antibody is a protein made by lymphocytes that is complementary to an antigen and, when attached, clumps them together and signals the cells they are on for destruction - An antitoxin is a protein that neutralises the toxins produced by bacteria
43
the difference between antigen, antibody and antitoxin:
- An antigen is a molecule found on the surface of a cell - An antibody is a protein made by lymphocytes that is complementary to an antigen and, when attached, clumps them together and signals the cells they are on for destruction - An antitoxin is a protein that neutralises the toxins produced by bacteria
44
What does vaccination involve and what is its effect?
- vaccination involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen (which carries antigens) into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies to attack them - the immune response also results in the formation of memory cells which can make antibodies against it - if the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.
45
How will vaccination prevent illness in an individual?
vaccination will prevent illness in an individual by providing artificial immunity - if a vaccinated individual is infected with the pathogen, they can destroy it before they become infectious
46
What is the principle behind herd immunity?
- vaccines reduce the likelihood that an infected individual will spread the pathogen they have been vaccinated against to others - if a large number of the population are vaccinated, it is unlikely that an unvaccinated individual will become infected with the pathogen (herd immunity protects the vulnerable that may not be able to have the vaccine)
47
Pros of vaccination
1) have helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common in the UK e.g. measles 2) big outbreaks (epidemics) can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated (that way, even if the people who aren't vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease because fewer people are able to pass it on. If a significant number of people aren't vaccinated, the disease can spread quickly through them and lots of people will be ill at the same time)
48
Cons of vaccination
1) vaccines don't always work and don't always give you immunity 2) there can be side effects, e.g. swelling or a rash, or you can have severe bad reactions e.g. seizures or fever

Biology lachimolala (2 decks)

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