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Stylistics > 3. Layer of Words > Flashcards

3. Layer of Words Flashcards

(4-9)

1
Q

How are literary coinages built?

A

With affixes and compounding. Examples: village - villagize, newly-founded, hospital - hospitalize, Byron - Byronism.

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2
Q

What is de-terminization?

A

When a term loses its qualities and becomes neutral: radio, television, computer. The reason is the frequency in use of these words.

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3
Q

What is diction?

A

The ability to pronounce vowels clearly according to the phonetic rules of the language.

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4
Q

One of them is decoding.

Stylistics can be divided into:

A
  1. Linguistic stylistics;
  2. Decoding stylistics: sender-message-receiver/speaker-book-reader;
  3. Literary stylistics;
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5
Q

Define types of coinages. Characterize them.

A

1.Neologisms/Terminological. To designate new-born concepts;
2. Stylistic. Created by the authors and is for one special occasion, but may turn fixed due to the frequency of use;

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6
Q

Where are archaic words often found?

A

In official documents

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7
Q

What do poetic words portray?

A

The use of language in the 17th-19th c. Examples: steed (horse), quoth (said), woe (sorrow).

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8
Q

(1)___ - most of them don’t live long. They are temporary and suit one particular occasion.

A

(1) Literary coinages

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9
Q

What is style to linguistics?

A

Style is a branch of linguistics. It’s a linguistic way to approach literary texts for analysis.

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10
Q

What about word aging? Tell about it.

A
  1. Is detected by dictionaries;
  2. May either drop out or get richer polysemously;
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11
Q

Define obsolete words.

A

They are out of use, but still recognizable. Examples: methinks, alack, nay.

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12
Q

Most barbarisms have (1)___

A

(1) synonyms

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13
Q

Layer is implied

What’s the main source of synonyms?

A

The neutral layer

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14
Q

What is stylistics to linguistic studies?

A

A subdepartment when dealing with literary text peculiarities

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15
Q

Define the literary layer of the standard English vocabulary.

A
  1. Is devoid of emotional colouring;
  2. Is stable;
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16
Q

What’s the reason literary coinages appear?

A

To designate new concepts.

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17
Q

Define the neutral layer of standard English vocabulary.

A
  1. The main source of synonyms;
  2. Used in both literary and colloquial speech;
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18
Q

What’s the function of archaic words?

A

Terminological

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19
Q

concepts

All scientists are (1)___ to some extent.
But why?

A

(1) linguists
Because they are responsible for terminology denoting techniques, humanities, objects, phenomena, etc.

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20
Q

What is the colloquial layer of the standard English vocabulary?

A
  1. Full of emotional colouring which can fade later and turn neutral. Thus it can get:
  2. Unstable;
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21
Q

What is the unstable layer of standard English vocabulary?

A

The colloquial layer

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22
Q

What’s the difference between historical terms and archaic words?

A

Historical terms have no synonyms and have no notions at present, denoting historical phenomena: yeoman, coif and distaff, vassal, falconet, etc.

23
Q

Where is barbarism used? Where is it avoided?

A

Used in both a formal and informal speech, but is mostly avoided in a formal one.

24
Q

Define a key definition for interpretation.

A

It’s subjective.

25
What is the difference between **barbarisms** and **foreignisms**?
**Barbarisms** have become facts of the Eng. language; **Foreignisms** are not registered, more or less monosemantic, alien, italiced and do not develop new meanings. Examples of one: "She has said: *"Au revoir"*. Not goodbye!"
26
What can be easily coined and accepted into vocabulary?
Terms
27
Define **barbarisms**.
Foreign origin words, not fully assimilated into the Eng. language
28
Define **term**. How are they accepted? Where can it be used? What's its effect?
1. It's easily coined and accepted; 2. Can be used in any style: articles, belles-lettres style, etc.; 3. It can create an atmosphere;
29
What is the common feature for **barbarisms** and **foreignisms**?
Both of them are used in belles-lettres or publicistic style.
30
What's the function of **foreign words**?
1. Sometimes they fulfill **terminological** function: solo, tenor, concerto. Be careful and don't confuse them with **barbarisms**!; 2. Give the atmosphere, to underline the period of time or place;
31
What is the common method of making **poetic words**?
Compounding: young-eyed, paly, steepy.
32
Define the stylistic effect of the **literary layer** of the vocabulary.
1. May characterize the epoch, its atmosphere; 2. Atmosphere of professional activity; 3. Romantic atmosphere, elevation; 4. Atmosphere of solemnity (in official speech); 5. Colouring of the country described;
33
Stylistics only occasionally draws on (1)___.
(1) linguistic methods
34
Once used often, abbreviations can become (1)___.
(1) the common lexical unit Examples: Sputnik, superman ship, LOX, etc
35
Define **obsolescent** words.
1. They gradually pass out of general use; 2. End with -est, -(e)th instead of -es; 3. The following verb forms are included: art, wilt; 4. The following pronouns are included: thou, thy, thine;
36
Poetic words are (1)___.
(1) archaic words E.g. "quoth", "clipien".
37
# DIY Coinages may appear in (1)___.
(1) abbreviations Examples: TRUD, DIY
38
Define **literary coinages**.
1. Most of them don't live long; 2. They are temporary and suit one particular occasion; 3. Can be fixed in the vocabulary; 4. The reason they appear is the need to designate new concepts;
39
Define **nonce-words**.
1. It's another type of neologism; 2. Rarely pass into the language and suit for once particular occasion; 3. Can hardly be expected to be registered by English dictionaries as ordinary words. Examples: "I am wived in Texas, mother-in-lawed, and uncled <...>;
40
The bulk of the standard English vocabulary is divided into (1), (2) and (3)___.
(1) neutral (2) literary (3) colloquial layers
41
What does the **literary layer** consist of?
Barbarisms, archaic words, neologisms, terms, foreignisms and literary coinages.
42
**Terminological borrowings** have no (1)___.
(1) synonyms
43
Define three phases/types of **word aging**.
1. **Obsolescent**; 2. **Obsolete**; 3. **Archaic proper**;
44
Define **archaic proper** words.
1. Are no longer recognizable; 2. They either don't exist or changed morphologically or phonologically. Examples: to deem, quoth, woe, losel, maketh;
45
Define types of **barbarisms**.
1. **Fully assimilated**. Examples: wine, street, reprimand, helicopter; 2. **Partially assimilated**. Examples: machine, police, garage, prestige; 3. **Unassimilated**. Examples: belles-lettres, alter ego, chic, bonmot;
46
Define **archaic words**.
1. Often found in official documents and its function is terminological; 2. Used for elevated effect along with word form and word combinations;
47
In which styles **coinages** appear? Where else?
**Publicistic** and **bookish style**. Happens mainly in newspaper headlines, can be in articles, magazines.
48
Which category the words *"methinks", "alack", "nay"* belong to?
Obsolete
49
The following forms/words: *-est, -(e)th instead of -s thou, thy, thine, art, wilt* They belong to (1)___.
(1) obsolescent
50
The following words: *to deem, quoth, woe, losel, maketh* They belong to (1)___.
(1) archaic proper
51
**Archaic words** often found in (1)___ and their function is (2)___.
(1) official documents (2) terminological
52
The following words: *solo, tenor, concerto* They belong to (1)___.
(1) foreign words + terms
53
(1) Te___ b___ have no synonyms.
(1) Terminological borrowings
54
What's the function of foreign words?
To create the atmosphere, underline period of time or place.

Stylistics (15 decks)

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