- they lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood - they can reduce the risk of heart disease

3 Medicine And Drugs Flashcards by Georgie Elliott

Why are medical drugs tested? 3

its effectiveness
it’s toxicity
the most appropriate dose

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What are statins?2

they lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood

- they can reduce the risk of heart disease

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What is a drug?

A substance that affects chemical reactions in the body

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What is addiction?

When you become physically or mentally dependant on a drug

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Why are drugs such as cannabis, cocaine and heroin such a problem?2

cannabis may cause mental health problems

- cocaine and heroin can cause serious health problems

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Why is testing new drugs so important?3

to see if they work well
make sure they are not too toxic
have no unacceptable side effects

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How do frogs like caffeine, nicotine and cocaine affect your nervous system?2

They speed up the activity of your brain

Making you feel more alert and energetic

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Give an example of a drug that slows down your responses of your brain?2

Alcohol

Cannabis

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How do people move from using recreational drugs to hard drugs?

Because cannabis is illegal and has to be obtained from a drug dealer

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Is cannabis harmful?

It leads to mental illness in some people with teenagers being particularly vulnerable

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What type of drugs are generally used in sports?

Anabolic steroids are drugs that help build up muscle mass

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How can drugs help give you more stamina? 2

A drug can be used to stimulate your body to make more red blood cells
So they can carry more oxygen to their muscles

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How can painkillers be used by athletes?

They allow the athlete to train and compete with an injury

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Why do athletes use drugs? 3

they want to win
they feel that other athletes are using these substances
the health risks are just scare stories

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What is a placebo?

A substance used in clinical trials which does not contain the drug at all

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Who knows who is given the new drug in double blind trials?

Neither the doctor nor the patient

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Why is a placebo used?

To make sure that there are no other explanations other than the drug

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Give one example of a recreational drug that is very addictive?

Coffee

Alcohol

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Why don’t painkillers cure infectious diseases?

They only treat symptoms

Don’t kill pathogens

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For a fair trial what factors should be matched?

As many as possible:
Age
Gender
Body mass
Other medical issues

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What part of a vaccine stimulates the body’s defence system?

The inactive pathogen

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What is the effect of being vaccinated a disease, then catching it?

White blood cells release antibodies quickly

Antibodies destroy the pathogen

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Why might a resistant strain of a pathogen spread rapidly?

Antibiotics become ineffective

Resistant pathogens reproduce

Population increases

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Why do pathogens make us feel in?

They produce toxins

Cause damage to cells

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Other than antibodies how do white blood cells protect against pathogens?

Produce antitoxins | Ingest microorganisms

Why should one wash their hands?

You don't transfer pathogens

In modern hospitals (other than hygiene) why is there a lower death rate?

Better knowledge Sterilisation of instruments Better drugs

Examples of placebos?

Tablet with no drug Tablet with no effect Tablet without chemicals

Describe how white blood cells protect from infectious diseases?

They ingest pathogens Produce antibodies which destroy pathogens Produce antitoxins which neutralise toxins

Why is it difficult to stop using addictive drugs?

Alters chemical reactions in the body You would experience withdrawal symptoms

What has the MMR vaccine also protected against?3

Rubella | Mumps

What is a hormone?

A chemical messenger Produced by a gland Acting on a tragedy organ Chemical that controls body functions

What was thalidomide originally developed to treat?

Poor sleeping

Harmful effect of thalidomide?

Limb defects / abnormalities

What happens in the body to make someone addicted to a drug?

Change in chemical processes

Why don't antibiotics treat viruses?

Because the pathogen lives inside the cell

Three main stages of testing a new drug?

Laboratory tests Tests for side effects on healthy people Tests on patients, widespread Optimum dose found

How can you obtain more accurate results?

Increase maximum and minimum results Decrease margin between reading Use more sensitive equipment

How can healthy volunteers are used rather than healthy patients?

Higher risk for patient Dose too low for patient Effects may be masked by patients symptoms

How to increase precision?

Use more sensitive equipment

In drugs what variables have to be controlled?

``` Age Gender Body mass Ethnicity Severity of pain ```

Upon reinfection why wouldn't someone catch the disease?

White blood cells Release antibodies quickly Antibodies destroy pathogen

Why are drugs tested?

To check they are safe and effective

What are drugs tested for?

Toxicity Efficacy Dose

In the laboratory in the early stages of trials, what is tested on?

Cells Tissues Live animals

Why would an athlete use stimulants?

Boost bodily functions such as heart rate

Why would an athlete use anabolic steroids?

Which stimulate muscle growth

What happens to someone's body when they become dependent on a drug?

Drugs alter chemical processes in the body | Person suffers withdrawal symptoms without drug

Why do antibodies ingest pathogens?

To destroy that particular pathogen

What happens when a pathogen enters the body?

Reproduce rapidly inside the body Bacteria - toxins that make you feel ill Viruses - live and reproduce inside the cells causing damage

What does thalidomide now?

Cancers | Autoimmune disease

How can drugs be used to increase stamina in sport?

Stimulates their body to make more red blood cells | This means they can carry more oxygen to their muscles

Advantage of population wide vaccination?

Reduces chance of pandemic Illiminates disease Reduces spread of disease

What happens in the body to make someone dependent on a drug?

Changes in the chemical processes

What does thalidomide now treat?

Leprosy

Why are drugs trial led?

``` Side effects Dosage Efficacy Toxicity Interaction with other drugs ```

What does alcohols do to the body?

Causes liver or brain damage

What does tobacco do?

Causes lung cancer

Why do legal drugs have a great impact than illegal drugs on health?

More readily available More people use them Alcohols caused liver damage Tobacco causes cancer

Why is it difficult for a person to stop taking certain drugs?

They become dependent on the drug

Why do you add a control group to an investigation?

To compare to other areas | To check other factors don't affect results

What effect do environmental factors have on the direction of growth in the roots of a plant?

They grow downwards Towards moisture Towards gravity

What effect do environmental factors have on the direction of growth in the shoots of a plant?

They grow upwards Towards the light Against gravity

How can doctors reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Stop using the particular antibiotic | Only use it in serious cases

Why use 40 degrees for industrial growing bacteria?

Microorganisms reproduce faster | Product acquired sooner

Legal recreational drug?

Alcohol | Tobacco

3 Medicine And Drugs Flashcards

(66 cards)