3: Natural Hazards, Mitigation, and Adaptation

Question 1

The earth is a ______ planet

Answer 1

dynamic

Question 2

are caused by strain energy underneath a fault line within the earth’s crust.

Answer 2

Earthquakes

Question 3

or ground motion, is the primary cause of the partial or total collapse of structures on the earth’s surface. It is the vibration of the ground caused by seismic waves.

Answer 3

Ground shaking

Question 4

The first wave to reach structures, and it causes buildings to vibrate.

Answer 4

Sound wave, or P wave

Question 5

Causes the earth to move at right angles towards the direction of the wave. It also causes structures to move from side to side.

Answer 5

S wave

Question 6

is the tearing or offset of the ground surface caused by the differential movement that occurs along a fault line.

Answer 6

Surface faulting

Question 7

The effect of surface faulting is generally caused by earthquakes that register as 5.5 or more on the _________.

Answer 7

Richter Scale

Question 8

The most effective way to prevent damage from surface faulting is to _________ from construction along fault lines.

Answer 8

restrain

Question 9

occur through a broad range of mechanisms. They occur in land that is sloped steeply, and land that is flat.

Answer 9

Earthquake-induced landslides

Question 10

The most dangerous types of liquefaction. During this phenomenon, large masses of soil can move from a few meters to a few kilometers.

Answer 10

Rapid earth flows

Question 11

The movement of surface blocks brought about by the liquefaction of subsurface layers.

Answer 11

Earth lateral spreads

Question 12

Include rocks and blobs of lava that are ejected from within a volcano into the atmosphere.

Answer 12

Tephra

Question 13

Masses of hot, dry pyroclastic material built into masses. They are also hot gasses that move quickly along the ground surface.

Answer 13

Pyroclastic phenomena

Question 14

A flowing slurry of volcanic debris and water that comes from within a volcano. This can then result to flooding when the water overflows from damaged dams and because of their capacity to carry water.

Answer 14

Lahar

Question 15

Can show the anticipated scales of future damage.

Answer 15

Zonation maps

Question 16

occur due to the sudden overflowing of rivers along a stream or a low-lying area.

Answer 16

Flash floods

Question 17

The _________ of floods will determine the damage to structures.

Answer 17

duration

Question 18

The _______ of the flood may create erosive forces, especially if the velocity is high.

Answer 18

velocity

Question 19

caused by the velocity of the water

Answer 19

Hydrodynamic pressures

Question 20

is when the floods are most likely to strike, and can have devastating effects on crops and structures.

Answer 20

Seasonality

Question 21

is composed of flood education.

Answer 21

Capacity development

Question 22

is an effective measure to prevent the large loss of lives associated with rising water levels.

Answer 22

Flood response

Question 23

These are intense areas of the earth’s atmosphere that coincide with system and extreme weather events. Characterized by a center that is large and of low pressure.

Answer 23

Cyclones

Question 24

refers to the geographic origin of these systems, since they form almost exclusively in certain parts of the globe.

Answer 24

tropical

Question 25

refers to their counter-clockwise movement from the Northern Hemisphere, and the clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere.

Answer 25

cyclone

Question 26

_____ receive much of the damage from cyclones, while regions inland are safe from their effects.

Answer 26

Coastal regions

Question 27

are those that fall more than 30cm/hour.

Answer 27

Torrential rains

Question 28

a serious hazard that is caused by cyclones, as people lose shelter due to it.

Answer 28

Rain

Question 29

is an abnormal rise of sea water near coastal areas and is caused by a severe cyclone.

Answer 29

storm surge

Question 30

Rotary storms that appear as a whirling and advancing funnel of wind extending downward from a cloud.

Answer 30

Tornadoes

Question 31

The region that is most frequently hit by tornadoes is sometimes termed as

Answer 31

Tornado Alley

Question 32

boundaries between water and land, are characterized both by the dynamic power of the sea and the wind, and by the geologic nature of land, which is fragile and often unstable.

Answer 32

Coastal areas

Question 33

When the waves acquire materials from the beach and then hurl them at the base of a cliff.

Answer 33

Corrasion

Question 34

Occurs when waves, which contain sand and other fragments, erode the headland or the shoreline. This is also known as the "sandpaper effect."

Answer 34

Abrasion

Question 35

When the waves hit the base of a cliff, subsequently compressing them into cracks.

Answer 35

Hydraulic action

Question 36

When the waves cause rocks and pebbles to collide with each other and break up.

Answer 36

Attrition

Question 37

When the cliff erodes as a result of the acids in the sea.

Answer 37

Corrosion

Question 38

the portion of coastal erosion which is sustainable. This occurs when rocks and other sediments move from the beach's visible portion to the nearshore region which is submerged.

Answer 38

Submersion

Question 39

The reverse of submersion is the recovery process known as

Answer 39

accretion

Question 40

is the movement of salt water, or saline water, into freshwater aquifers. This can lead to the contamination of drinking water and other consequences.

Answer 40

Saltwater intrusion

Question 41

The moon and the sun have gravitational pulls on the ocean, which create oscillations called

Answer 41

tides

Question 42

The gravity from the moon, when it is overhead, produces a ________

Answer 42

high tide

Question 43

Disturbances in the water caused by the water energy that is passing through the water.

Answer 43

Waves

Question 44

In open ocean basins, the source of the waves' energy is

Answer 44

wind

Question 45

the vertical distance between the top of the wave and its trough

Answer 45

Amplitude (wave height)

Question 46

the horizontal distance between successive troughs or crests of the wave.

Answer 46

Wave length

Question 47

the number of waves that occur in a given period of time

Answer 47

Wave period

Question 48

_________ typically occur as a result of increases in water temperature, which increases its volume.

Answer 48

Sea-level changes

Question 49

Sea-level changes are ______ when the water mass is relatively contained, and they are ______ if a large portion of the ocean's water mass is impacted by warming.

Answer 49

local, global

Question 50

The evidence for crustal movement are

Answer 50

earthquakes

Question 51

are metal plaques set in the soil that give the exact locations of the elevation points.

Answer 51

Bench marks

Question 52

The causes of crustal movement include the action of unbalanced _____ acting on the earth's surface.

Answer 52

forces

Question 53

These many forces

Answer 53

stress

Question 54

pulls the rock into two different directions, causing it to break apart or stretching it

Answer 54

Tension

Question 55

consists of forces acting towards each other, which pushes or squeezes rocks together.

Answer 55

Compression

Question 56

may act away or toward each other, causing the rock to twist and tear.

Answer 56

Shear stresses