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Psych 1FF3 > 3-Neuroscience > Flashcards

3-Neuroscience Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Dualist framework

person who created it + definition

A

René Descartes
The brain acts as the link between mental processes and the body

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2
Q

Neuron anatomy

zones + structures in each

A

Receptive zone
- Dendrites
- Cell body

Transmission Zone
- Axon
- Axon terminal
- Terminal boutons

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3
Q

Dendrites

purpose/function

A
  • reach out to neurons
  • receive signals
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4
Q

Cell body (neuron)

purpose/function

A
  • carries genetic info (nucleus)
  • maintains structure
  • provides energy
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5
Q

Axon

purpose/function

A
  • transmits signal
  • varies in length (cm to ft long)
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6
Q

Axon Terminal + Terminal Boutons

purpose/function

A
  • reach out and connect to other neurons
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7
Q

Action potential

trigger: effect on EP –> effect on channels

A
  1. Stimulus: increase EP –> Na channels open
  2. Na enters cell: EP increases to +ive –> K channels open
  3. K leaves cell: EP still rising –> Na channels close
  4. K continues to leave cell: EP decreases just below resting potential –> K channels close
  5. Sodium potassium pump and Leak potassium channels return EP to baseline
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8
Q

Action Potential

important voltages name + value

A
  • 70mV: Resting potential
  • 50mV: Threshold for action potential
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9
Q

Refractory period

types + events under this period

A

Absolute RP: impossible to trigger another AP
- Na or K channels are opened, cannot be reopened

Relative RP: another AP is possible but more difficult
- larger stim needed as EP is below resting potential
- OR EP is below threshold but K channels still open

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10
Q

message encoding

via action potentials

A

messages encoded via frequency of action potentials, not intensity

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11
Q

Glial cells

purpose

A

Help neurons with:
- structural support
- nourishment
- insulation

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12
Q

Myelin sheaths

description + purpose + types and their location

A

cells which coat segments of the axon
- allow for faster conduction of AP’s through saltatory conduction

CNS: Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

description + purpose

A

uncovered segments of axon between myelin sheaths
- limit where ions from APs can diffuse in and out

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14
Q

Synapse

description + purpose

A

junction between presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron
- where communication between neurons occurs

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15
Q

Anatomy of a synapse

major structures + important structures within them

A
  • Presynaptic neuron
    • vesicles containing NT’s
  • Synapse & synaptic cleft
  • Postsynaptic neuron
    • receptors
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16
Q

Steps for neurotransmission

across a synapse

A
  1. AP triggers vesicles containing NT’s to fuse with cell wall
  2. NT floats in synaptic cleft
  3. NT binds to postsynaptic receptor
  4. transmission continues via excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic potential
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17
Q

Methods of neurotransmission

types + description + purpose

A

EPSP (excitatory PSP)
- Depolarization: modify ion channels to increase EP in next neuron. eg: allow Na in
- makes AP easier or triggers AP

IPSP (inhibitory PSP)
- Hyperpolarization: modify ion channels to decrease EP in next neuron. eg: allow Cl in
- makes AP more difficult to trigger

PSP: post synaptic potential

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18
Q

Neural Development

A
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19
Q

Neural differentiation

A
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20
Q

Neuron Maturation

3 facts about it

A
  • neurons mature by connecting with other neurons
  • only connected neurons survive
  • # of synapses peaks at 1 year old
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21
Q

Neuraxis

6 terms

A

Rostral - Caudal: towards frontal lobe - towards brain stem

Ventral - Dorsal: towards the stomach/chin - towards the back/top of the head

Medial - Lateral: towards - away from the midline of the body

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22
Q

Neuroimaging techniques

2 basic categories

A

Structural

Functional

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22
Q

Lesion studies

description + benefits and drawbacks + 1 example

Study These Flashcards
A

analysing the impact of damage to a region of the brain
- find a direct cause and effect
- injuries aren’t precise and we cannot ethically damage a human’s brain

Phineas Gage: injury to frontal lobe caused major behavioural changes

22
Q

Targeted electrical stimulation

description + purpose

Study These Flashcards
A

single cell stimulation (electrical impulse to one neuron)
- helped map behaviour to specific brain regions

23
Single cell recording | description + purpose
*electrode* placed directly next to neuron (thin needle in the brain) - *records firing pattern* of the neuron in response to a stimulus
23
structural imaging techniques | types + description + purpose
**CT scan:** *X-ray images* of XY slices of the brain - best for quick, cheap and *low res images* **MRI:** magnetic fields *align H atoms* to locate tissues - best for *high res images* but slower and pricier to obtain | CT: Computed Tomography MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
24
functional imaging techniques | types + description + purpose
**PET:** *radioactive tracer* injected (glucose or O2), scan shows map of where tracers are being used - determine *metabolic activity of regions* but injection is *invasive*, not temporally accurate **fMRI:** measures *blood oxygen levels* in regions of the brain - determine *metabolic activity of the brain* but not temporally accurate **EEG:** records *electrical activity* of neuron populations through *electrodes on the scalp* - *time sensitive* and *not invasive* | PET: Positron Emission Tomography EEG: Electroencephalogram
25
3 broad regions of the brain
- Hindbrain - Midbrain - Forebrain
26
Hindbrain | overall purpose + structure names
Mostly for regulation of *vital bodily functions* **R**eticular formation **C**erebellum **M**edulla **P**ons
27
Reticular formation | basic purpose
Role in: - circadian rhythms - arousal - motivation - posture and balance
28
Cerebellum | basic purpose
coordinated and fine movements
29
Medulla | basic purpose
regulates: - breathing - digestion - heart rate - autonomic reflexes
30
Pons | basic purpose
Role in: - movement - auditory perception - emotional processing
31
Midbrain | overall purpose + regions + structures
Perception, arousal and motor control Tectum: - Superior colliculus - Inferior colliculus Tagmentum: - Red nucleus - Substantia Nigra
32
Tectum | structures and purpose
**Superior colliculus:** *visual* perception **Inferior colliculus:** *auditory* perception
33
Tegmentum | structures and purpose
**Red nucleus:** role in *motor control* **Substantia Nigra:** *reward related behaviours* via release of *dopamine*
34
Forebrain: subcortical sections | basic purpose + labels
Emotion, memory, perception, thought Limbic system - Hypothalamus - Pituitary gland - Thalamus - Amygdala - Hippocampus
35
Hypothalamus | basic purpose
- stress response - energy metabolism - hormonal control Fight, Flight, Feeding, Fucking
36
Pituitary gland | structures + basic purpose
Anterior pituitary: hormones for - thyroid - testes/ovaries - adrenals Posterior pituitary: *extension of the hypothalamus* - oxytocin - vasopressin
37
Thalamus | basic purpose
*central relay for axons*, all senses synapse here EXCEPT our sense of smell
38
Amygdala | basic purpose
Role in emotional processing, *especially fear responses*
39
Hippocampus | basic purpose
- hold *short term memories* - involved in *transferring* short term to long lerm memory - *spatial mapping* of the world - *neurogenesis* (even in adulthood)
40
Forebrain: Cerebral cortex sections | labels
Lobes: - Frontal - Occipital - Parietal - Temporal
41
bumps and grooves in the brain | terms
Gyri: bumps/ridges Sulci: grooves/indents Fissures: deep grooves often separating lobes
42
Occipital lobe | location + role + subsections
Caudal and dorsal (back of the brain) **Visual processing** Sections: - primary visual cortex
43
Notable Fissures and Sulci | labels + locations
Sylvian fissure: seperates temporal and frontal lobes Longitudinal fissure: seperates left and right hemispheres of the brain Central sulcus: seperates frontal and parietal lobes
44
Temporal lobe | location + role + subsections
Lateral, by the ears-ish Further visual processing, auditory processing, partially responsible for memory and language processing Sections: - primary auditory cortex - Wernicke's area (left side)
45
Parietal lobe | location + role + subsections
Top, middle of the head, down the sides slightly Touch processing, spatial representations (orientation...) Sections: - primary somatosensory cortex
46
Frontal Lobe | location + role + subsections
Rostral, forehead and top of head area Motor processing, decision making and higher order thought Sections: - primary motor cortex - broca's area (left side)
47
Brain laterelization | definition
When a function is specialized on one side of the brain
48
Broca's area | purpose and location
Left side of the frontal lobe *Motor* production of speech
49
Wernike's Area | purpose and location
Left temporal lobe Language comprehension (through hearing)
50
Types of language aphasia | names + damaged region + effects
**Expressive** aphasia: damaged *Broca's area* --> lacks the motor control for speech **Receptive** aphasia: damaged *Wernicke's area* --> cannot comphrehend speech
51
Corpus callosum | location + purpose
thick segment of neurons connecting the L and R hemispheres, medial carries info between the two hemispheres
52
Split brain syndrome | cause + effects
Severed *corpus callosum* --> independently operating hemispheres, some effects: - cannot verbally name an object seen by the left visual field as the left hemisphere will not see the object

Psych 1FF3 (9 decks)

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