3. Perception & Attention

Question 1

Problem with perception

Answer 1

have to extract objects & people which creates lots of possibilities

Question 2

How to extract objects around us?

Answer 2

1. Perception of brightness
2. Perception of objects
3. Perception of depths

Question 3

Explain the perception of brightness

Answer 3

Shadow makes surfaces darker, your brain compensates it to make things brighter

Question 4

6 gestalt psychology for the perception of objects

Answer 4

1. Proximity
2. Similarity
3. Closure
4. Continuation
5. Movement
6. Good Form

Question 5

Define proximity

Answer 5

Part of the group if objects are closer together

Question 6

Define similarity

Answer 6

Part of the group if they have the same characteristics (pattern for example)

Question 7

Define closure

Answer 7

See something that’s not fully filled, but still able to recognize that object

Question 8

Define continuation

Answer 8

Part of the group if we can connect it into a continuous one.

Question 9

Define movement

Answer 9

Part of the group if objects move in the same direction.

Question 10

Define good form

Answer 10

Part of the group if the object form meaningful objects.

Question 11

Define photoactivation

Answer 11

Light energy that becomes fuel to photochemical reaction

Question 12

What are rods in the eyes used for?

Answer 12

To help see in dark places (gives sensitivity in dim places)

Question 13

What are cones in the eyes used for?

Answer 13

To see fine details in bright light and gives us the sensation of color

Question 14

Define contrast and why it’s important

Answer 14

Difference in light. It’s important because it encodes the differences in light and exaggerates them. So, you will be less likely to miss them.

Question 15

Define lateral inhibition

Answer 15

The process involves inhibiting the neurons in responding to light to prevent redundancy in receiving the same amount of light.

Question 16

Define dark adaptation

Answer 16

Abruptly changes in light
e.g., go from dark to suddenly bright, rods bleached for a second but cones all ready to fire. So, it will cause bright light first.

Question 17

Define contrast gain

Answer 17

Process where the sensitivity of your visual system can be tuned to be most sensitive to the level of contrast that is the most prevalent in that environment

Question 18

Define Trichromacy theory

Answer 18

The eye had three different types of color-sensitive cells based on the observation that any one color can be reproduced by combining lights from different hue.

Question 19

Define vestibulo-ocular reflex

Answer 19

Coordination of motion information with visual information that allows you to maintain your gaze on an object while you move.

Question 20

Define synesthesia.

Answer 20

One sensory signal gives rise to two or more sensations.

E.g., you associate objects with colors

Question 21

Define subliminal perception

Answer 21

Visual and auditory information presented at a speed and or intensity that is below the conscious threshold of perception through one or more channels and thus not readily apparent to the subject

Question 22

Define selective attention

Answer 22

some information is attended to while other information is intentionally blocked out.

Question 23

Define divided attention

Answer 23

determine how well individuals can attend to many sources of information at once.

Question 24

How do you get to long-term memory?

Answer 24

1. Depth of processing: Remember more if you think deeper
2. Mnemonics: tricks to make a word bigger (e.g., rhythm, visual imagery), gives more connection

Question 25

How to get it out of memory

Answer 25

1. Retrieval cues
2. Compatibility principle
3. Searching strategies

Question 26

Define retrieval cues

Answer 26

Signal, objects, etc that can trigger you to remember

Question 27

Define compatibility principle

Answer 27

You can remember better if you are in the same context, environment, physical, or psychological state.

Question 28

Define searching strategies

Answer 28

Find the root of memory by searching further (e.g., by asking questions)

Question 29

Limited capacity for short-term memory

Answer 29

7 +- 2 chunks

Question 30

Why do we forget things?

Answer 30

• Decay: fade over time, physical structure of the brain
• Interference: new things come in causing an overlay of previous memory
• Changes in retrieval cues: surroundings different

Question 31

How memory becomes distorted (false memory)

Answer 31

1. Expectations
2. Leading questions
3. Hypnosis
4. Repressed memory
5. Flashbulb memory

Question 32

Define expectations (false memory)

Answer 32

what typically happens/is supposed to happen

Question 33

Define leading questions (false memory)

Answer 33

The questions lead us to think it happened that way

Question 34

Define hypnosis (false memory)

Answer 34

Hypnotic event and asks to go back to previous events.

Question 35

Define repressed memory

Answer 35

A long period where the person just forgot about them