3. Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions

Question 1

How do antigens and antibodies interact?

Answer 1

Lock and key fit

Question 2

The INITIAL FORCE of attraction the exist between a single FAB site on an antibody molecule and single epitope

Answer 2

Affinity

Question 3

The SUM of all attractive forces between Ab and An

Answer 3

Avidity

Question 4

Attach to antigen where it fits to the FAB for to shows the affinity between An and Ab

Answer 4

Epitope

Question 5

What is the optimal pH for An-antigen reaction?

Answer 5

6.5 - 7.5

Question 6

Ionic strength is base on?

Answer 6

Shielding
Zeta potential

Question 7

What is the best temp reaction for IgM?

Answer 7

Room temp or colder

Question 8

What is the best temp reaction for IgG?

Answer 8

36-38 C

Question 9

An-Ab reaction are influenced by?

Answer 9

Ionic strength
pH
Reaction time
Temp
Dosage

Question 10

Zone of antibody excess? causes false neg

Answer 10

Pro-zone

Question 11

What do you call the where the antigen and antibody have the same amount?

Answer 11

Zone of equivalence

Question 12

Zone of antigen excess? causes false neg

Answer 12

Post zone

Question 13

Precipitation based method?

Answer 13

Nephelometry
Passive immunodiffusion techniques
Electrophoretic techniques

Question 14

Involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

Answer 14

Precipitation

Question 15

Antibody reagent is combined with patient sample, this detects through Light refraction (Light scatter) from light source which detected by the light detector

Answer 15

Nephelometry

Question 16

Uses agarose gel to detect An-Ab reaction which measures the rate of An-Ab reaction by the area being created around the agarose gel

Answer 16

Radial immunodiffusion

Question 17

How many hours before reading radial immunodiffusion

Answer 17

24-72 hrs

Question 18

What is being read in radial immunodiffusion?

Answer 18

Rate of diffusion

Question 19

The rate of diffusion is affected by?

Answer 19

Size of the particle
Temp
Gel viscosity
Amount of hydration

Question 20

What is the positive indicator for radial immunodiffusion (Being measured)

Answer 20

Area of the ring

Question 21

NOTE: The diameter of the diffusion of the An-Ab reaction is proportional to the area/diameter of the ring

Question 22

Where is the positive control located in Radial immunodiffusion?

Answer 22

middle

Question 23

Performed in agarose gel in which both and antibody diffuses independently in two dimensions (Horizontally and vertically)

Answer 23

Ouchterlony Double immunodiffusion

Question 24

What is the incubation period of Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion in a moist chamber?

Answer 24

12 to 48 hrs

Question 25

What is the known sample in Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion?

Answer 25

Known Antibody

Question 26

What is the sample used in Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion??

Answer 26

Patient Antigen

Question 27

Presence of common epitope, curve shape

Answer 27

Pattern of identity

Question 28

Curve pattern with spur, some antibodies are not capture

Answer 28

Pattern of Partial identity

Question 29

Crossline pattern shows no commonalities

Answer 29

pattern of Non identity

Question 30

An adaption of radial immunodiffusion but instead of allowing diffusion to take place at its own rate, electrophoresis is used to facilitate migration of antigen into the agar

Answer 30

Electrophoretic techniques: Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

Question 31

Double-diffusion technique that incorporates electrophoresis current to enhance results Used for semi-quantification of a wide range of antigens

Answer 31

Immunoelectrophoresis

Question 32

After electrophoresis takes place, anti-serum is applied to the gel's surface rather than placed in a trough Shorter time and higher resolution

Answer 32

Immunofixation electrophoresis

Question 33

Used to test immunoglobulins, complement, C-reactive protein, other serum

Answer 33

Nephelometry

Question 34

Used for immunoglobulins, and complement only

Answer 34

Radial immunodiffusion

Question 35

Used for complex antigens such as fungal antigens

Answer 35

Ouchterlony double diffusion

Question 36

Used for immunoglobulins, complement, and alpha-fetoproteins

Answer 36

Pocket electrophoresis

Question 37

Used for Differentiation of serum protein

Answer 37

Immunoelectrophoresis

Question 38

Used to test HIV, Lyme disease, and syphilis

Answer 38

Immunofixation electrophoresis

Question 39

The interaction between antibody and a particulate antigen which results to clumping

Answer 39

Agglutination

Question 40

The antibodies that produces such reaction are called?

Answer 40

Agglutinins

Question 41

The particulate antigens aggregated are called

Answer 41

agglutinogens

Question 42

Steps in agglutination

Answer 42

1. Sensitization 2. Lattice Formation

Question 43

Antigen and Ab unite through antigen determinant site, this process is called?

Answer 43

Sensitization

Question 44

Formation that rearrange of antigen and antibody bonds to cause agglutination

Answer 44

Lattice formation

Question 45

Occurs when antigens are gound naturally on a particle Can be used to detect antigen (Used known antibody as a reagent)

Answer 45

Direct agglutination

Question 46

Grade for One solid clump?

Answer 46

4+

Question 47

Grade for several large clump?

Answer 47

3+

Question 48

Grade for numerous smaller clumps?

Answer 48

2+

Question 49

Grade for BArely discernable clumps

Answer 49

1+

Question 50

Grade for smooth suspension?

Answer 50

Negative

Question 51

Antigens on a carrier molecule such as latex combine with the patient's sample for antibody detection

Answer 51

Passive agglutination

Question 52

Antibody is bound to the carrier molecule, which is then mixed with patient's sample to detect antigen Uses for passive agglutination include ID of bacteria measuring hormone and drug levels, and measuring levels of some proteins

Answer 52

Reverse passive agglutination

Question 53

Antibody reagent is combined with patient's specimen If patient's specimen contains that antigen, the antigens will react with antibodies

Answer 53

Agglutination inhibition

Question 54

What is the positive reaction for agglutination inhibition?

Answer 54

No agglutination

Question 55

What is the Negative reaction for agglutination inhibition?

Answer 55

Agglutination

Question 56

What is the positive reaction to agglutination inhibition?

Answer 56

No agglutination

Question 57

This use to detect virl antibodies and detects hormone

Question 58

Test that uses bacteria as the inert particles to which the antibody is attached

Answer 58

Coagglutination

Question 59

Bacteria that is the most frequently used in coagglutination

Answer 59

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 60

Why S. aureus is used in coagglutination

Answer 60

Protein A