3. Prenatal developmental concern

Question 1

What do you think can affect intra-uterine growth and birth rate? Name determinants

Answer 1

Nutrition (mother’s and baby’s)
Cigarettes
Drugs and prescribed medication
Genetics
Disease
Exercise
Age
Stress
Sleep
Alcohol
Weight of the mother (weight taken vs weight before)
Parity (number of pregnancies)
SES
Prior low birth weight infant
Infant sex
Ethnicity/race (plays role on weight)

Question 2

What is the weight to be considered low birth weight?

Answer 2

5 lbs 8 oz or less than 2,500gram

Question 3

Two distinct groups of low birth weight

Answer 3

Pre-term = physiological immaturity
Small for date = intrauterine retardation or fetal growth restriction

Question 4

Low birth weight impact on postnatal growth (2 possible consequences)

Answer 4

• Shorter status during childhood and at maturity
• Possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power

Question 5

Most common cause of spontaneous abortion

Answer 5

Chromosomal abnormalities

Question 6

Indicates an abnormal condition present at birth

Answer 6

Congenital malformations

Question 7

Which period is most critical with respect to genetic malformations?

Answer 7

EMBRYO

Question 8

Causal agents of congenital malformations

Answer 8

Trauma, chemicals or therapeutic drugs
Radiation, infections, hypoxia
Maternal metabolic imbalances
Maternal substance abuse

Question 9

3 components of prenatal nutrition

Answer 9

Placental
Fetal
Maternal factors

Question 10

Placental factors relate to

Answer 10

Circulation and transport of nutrients from placenta to fetus

Question 11

Fetal factors relate to

Answer 11

Utilization of available nutrients

Question 12

Maternal factors relate to

Answer 12

Mother’s overall nutritional status
Adequacy of energy and nutrient intake + weight gain during pregnancy

Question 13

What is a teratogens?

Answer 13

An environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus

Question 14

Teratogens amount of harm is a function of

Answer 14

Baby’s genetic makeup
Amount of exposure
Time/duration of exposure

Question 15

Maternal smoking only affects prenatally?

Answer 15

NON
Effects on physical development continue postnatally
70g to 210g (0.7cm to 1.0cm)

Question 16

Maternal alcohol consumption is associated with 3 consequences

Answer 16

• Fetal growth restriction
• Abnormal facial development
• Impairment of the CNS

Question 17

Dose-response effect of maternal alcohol consumption

Answer 17

Less than 2 drinks per day = 65 g weight loss
More than 2 drinks per day = 150 g weight loss

Question 18

What is FAS and ARND?

Answer 18

FAS = Fetal alcohol syndrome
ARND = Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders

Question 19

Name other susbtances that can be abused by pregnant woman + dose

Answer 19

Caffeine - 4 cups per day
Cocaine - 500 g
Heroin - 600g
Methadone - 350g

Question 20

Moderate exercise is bad for the baby

Answer 20

NON
- has no negative effect on fetal dev.
- positive for the mother

Question 21

Guidelines for exercise during pregnancy - when to start

Answer 21

first trimester, more than 12 weeks of gestation

Question 22

Guidelines for exercise during pregnancy - when to end

Answer 22

Until delivery (as tolerated)

Question 23

What is FOAD?

Answer 23

Fetal origins of adult diseases

Question 24

FOAD hypothesis

Answer 24

Events that happen very early in fetal development can have a profound impact on the risk for incurring disease as an adult

Question 25

Genetic factors - name 2

Answer 25

Chromosome disorders Gene-based disorders

Question 26

3 types of gene-based disorders

Answer 26

Phenylketonuria = intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, mental disorders, musty odor Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell disease and Trait

Question 27

2 examples of genetic testing

Answer 27

Fetal ultrasound Maternal blood testing

Question 28

Reflexes that are critical to ensuring nourishment and protection

Answer 28

Primitive reflexes

Question 29

Reflexes that are considered the basis for more complex voluntary movement of later infancy

Answer 29

Postural reflexes

Question 30

Infant reflexes disappear by what age

Answer 30

By end of the first year

Question 31

Name the 3 infant reflexes known

Answer 31

- Sucking - Search or rooting - Labyrinthine

Question 32

role of the primitive reflexes

Answer 32

Ensure survival (suppressed by 6 months of age)

Question 33

Where are the primitive reflexes produced?

Answer 33

Produced SUBCORTICALLY

Question 34

Name some of the postural reflexes

Answer 34

- Swimming - Head-righting - Labyrinthine - Crawling - Pull-up - Parachuting down - Stepping - Body-righthing - Side - Back

Question 35

Where are postural reflexes produced?

Answer 35

Cortically, higher brain centers Some are considered precursors to complex movement

Question 36

2 most commonly used reflexes for diagnosis

Answer 36

Moro reflex Assymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Question 37

Fluctuations from the normal timeline of reflexes appearance/disappearance is common

Answer 37

TRUE, only severe deviations may indicate a problem

Question 38

What are stereotypies?

Answer 38

Are rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled movement behavior of infancy apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli.