3 - respiratory system

Question 1

differences between right and left lung

Answer 1

right lung: shorter + wider than left, 3 lobes

left lung: 2 lobes

Question 2

lung: functions

Answer 2

air conduction
air filtration
gas exchange

Question 3

conducting portion: characteristics

Answer 3

• respiratory epithelium - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• cartilage + smooth muscle

Question 4

respiratory portion: characteristics

Answer 4

• gas exchange
• simple squamous epithelium
• type I and II pneumocytes

Question 5

conducting portion: structures

Answer 5

extrapulmonary - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi
intrapulmonary - secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and terminal bronchioles

Question 6

respiratory portion: structures

Answer 6

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts + alveoli

Question 7

Cells of conducting portion

Answer 7

• ciliated columnar cells
• mucous goblet cells
• brush cells
• basal cells
• small granule cells `

Question 8

nasal cavity: components

Answer 8

vestibule: hairs, stratified squamous epithelium & sebaceous glands
nasale fossae: roof, floor and internal nares - olfactory mucosa

Question 9

nasal conchae: function

Answer 9

increases surface area and creates turbulence

turbulence: allows air to come into contact with lamina propria & conditions air

Question 10

nasale conchae: parts

Answer 10

superior, middle, inferior

Question 11

conditioning of the air

Answer 11

warmed
moistened
filtered
turbulence

Question 12

nasal epithelium: olfactory epithelium

Answer 12

• cell types: supporting cells, basal cells, olfactory neurons

Question 13

olfactory receptors

Answer 13

dendrites + cilia - respond to odours and generate receptor potentials
sense of smell - odours solubilised in mucous, odour-binding molecules transport to olfactory receptors

Question 14

nasopharynx: epithelium

Answer 14

near soft palate: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
remainder: non-keratinised stratified squamous

Question 15

`larynx: epithelium

Answer 15

vocal cords: non-keratinised stratified squamous

remainder: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 16

trachea: structure

Answer 16

• cricoid cartilage
• bifurcation: divided into 2 branches
• short flexible air tube

Question 17

trachea: layers

Answer 17

respiratory mucosa - ciliated pseudostratified
submucosa
cartilaginous rings - hyaline cartilage, trachealis muscle + fibroelastic tissue
adventitia

Question 18

trachea: functional histology

Answer 18

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

- goblet cells

Question 19

primary bronchus

Answer 19

• cartilage plates

- more simplified epithelium

Question 20

secondary bronchus:epithelium

Answer 20

• lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

Question 21

terminal bronchiole - changes

Answer 21

cartilage replaced with smooth muscle

Question 22

bronchus -> bronchi: changes

Answer 22

branching
irregular cartilage - plates instead of rings
smooth muscle: continuous layer in larger bronchi + loosely organised in smaller bronchi
lamina propria - mucous + serous glands, elastic fibres

Question 23

changes in epithelium from bronchus to bronchioles

Answer 23

pseudostratified 
simple columnar 
low cuboidal 
lose goblet cells 
lose cilia

Question 24

larger vs smaller bronchioles

Answer 24

larger: pseudostratified ciliated columnar
smaller: cililated simple columnar to cuboidal

Question 25

clara cells

Answer 25

secrete surfactants prevent collapse of bronchioles produce p450 - detoxify harmful components

Question 26

terminal bronchioles

Answer 26

ciliated columnar cells clara cells smooth muscle elastic fibres

Question 27

respiratory bronchioles: mucosa

Answer 27

low cubodial epithelium parts with no cilia opens up to alveoli pockets - simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange

Question 28

alveoli

Answer 28

gas exchange between air and blood surrounded by capillary network simple squamous epithelium

Question 29

alveoli wall: thick vs thin sections

Answer 29

thick: CT cells between basal laminae + CT fibres for support thin: respiratory epithelium, fused basal laminae, gas exchange

Question 30

type I pneumocytes

Answer 30

simple squamous pinocytotic vesicles gas exchange 95% of surface area

Question 31

type II pneumocytes

Answer 31

secrete surfactant: reduce surface tension 5% surface area cuboidal cells

Question 32

alveolar macrophages: location

Answer 32

interior of alveolar septum + surface alveoli

Question 33

alveolar capillaries

Answer 33

thin nuclei bunched efficient gas exchange

Question 34

conducting portion: functions

Answer 34

- conduit for air travel to + from lungs | - conditions inspired air