3. test Flashcards
(15 cards)
Containtment
a policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and prevetning the expansion of communism. Containment policies included creating alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances.
The Truman Doctrine
Truman’s support for countries that rejected communism.
March 1947 - Truman announced a doctrine of international resistance to Communist aggression
The Marshall Plan
June 1947 - the US Secretary of State, George Marshall proposed that America gives aid to any European country that needed it
- this assistance program would provide food, machines and other material and they sent about 13-15$ million in products
The Cold War - intro, NATO
- a state of diplomatic hostility that developed between the Eastern bloc (USSR and its communist allies) and the Western bloc (USA and its democratic allies)
- began in 1949, usage of spying, propaganda, dimplomacy and secret operations
NATO or North Atlantinc Treaty Organization - 19149 - 10 Western European countries (Iceland, Britain, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, France, Portugal, Luxembourg and Italy) joined with USA and Canada to form a military alliance
the Warsaw Pact, regimes
in response to NATO:
The Warsaw Pact - 1955 - an alliance system which included the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania
- they introduced communist regimes in the German Democratic Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia
COMMUNIST REGIMES - one party, totalitarian regimes that abolished all political parties except Communist Party, nationalization of economy, collectivization of agriculture, free market replaced with planned production (“people’s democracies” or Soviet satellites)
iron curtain
Churchill’s phrase IRON CURTAIN came to represent Europe’s division between a democratic Western Europe and a Communist Eastern Europe
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT + division of Germany
1948
- France, Great Britain and the USA decided to withdraw their forces from Germany and then the Soviet Union had cut off highway, water and rail traffic into Berlin’s western zones. the American and British officials flew supplies into West Berlin for 11 months
1949 - the 3 Western zones were combined as West Germany, the Soviet zone became East Germany
West: the Federal Republic of Germany - Bonn
East: the German Democratic Republic - Berlin
the Berlin crisis
1961
- East German police began building the Berlin Wall dividing the 2 parts of the city
cause: mass escaping from east to west Berlin (about 3.5 million people)
November 1981 - the Berlin wall was pulled down
1990 - East and West Germany united into one nation
Hungary and Czechoslovakia - cold war
HUNGARY
1956 - the Hungarian army with protesters tried to overthrow the Soviet-controlled goverment
- Imre Nagy (Hungarian Communist) formed a new government and promised free elections and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungary
= result: Soviets forcefully put down the uprising and executed Nagy
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1968 - Czech Communist leader Alexander Dubcek loosened controls in censorship to offer his country socialism with “a human face” = THE PRAGUE SPRING
- the armed forces from the Warsaw Pact invaded Czechoslovakia (Leonid Brezhnev justified the invasion, “Soviet right is to prevent its satellites from rejecting communism”)
the nonaligned nations in Cold War
1955 - THE CONFERENCE IN BANDUNG, Indonesia
29 countries from Africa and Asia met there and adopted the policy of noninvolment and neutralism in Cold War between the Communists and the democratic countries
MAIN PRINCIPLES:
1) non-interference in internal policy of other countries
2) cooperation among nations
3) peaceful international policy
1961 - the First Conference in Belgrade, 25 countries
MAIN PROMOTERS: Jawaharlal Nehru (India’s prime minister), Gamal Abdel Nasser (President of Egypt), Ahmed Sukarno (President of Indonesia) and Tito (President of Yugoslavia)
ISRAEL - Cold War
Zionism is a movement aimed at establishing a national Jewish state in Palestine. Active zionism began in the 19th century and led to the establishment of israel in 1948. Zion is the hebrew poetic name for Palestine. Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist developed political Zionism, at the first Zionist Congress in Basel Switzerland in 1897 (Dreyfus affair in 1894).
The movement gained political recognition when Britain liberated the Middle East including Palestine from Turkish rule in World War 1. Scientist Chaim Weizmann who later became the first president of Israel, helped persuade the British government to issue the Balfour Declaration in 1917. The Declaration stated Britain’s support for the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine.
1947 – the UN recommended that Palestine be divided into an Arab state and a Jewish state, and the General Assembly adopted this plan on November 19 1947
14 May 1948 – the Jews proclaimed the independent state of Israel, and the British withdrew from Palestine
WAR IN KOREA
1950 - 1953
After WWII ended, Korea became a divided nation (north of 38th parallel, Japanese troops surrendered to the Soviets, south of the line the Japanese surrendered to the Americans)
THE DIVISION:
- the North Korea was the Communist industrial north - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
- the South Korea was the non-Communist rural south - Republic of Korea
BEGINNING OF WAR:
1950 - the North Koreans swept across the 38th parallel (the Soviets supplied them with tanks, airplanes, and money in attempt to take over the peninsula)
- the UN sent an international force to Korea to stop the invasion, under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur
WAR IN VIETNAM
1955 - 1975
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1962
