3 - The Remarkable Body

Question 1

any of a great number of working proteins
that speed up a specific chemical reaction,
such as breaking the bonds of a nutrient, without
undergoing change themselves.

Answer 1

enzyme

Question 2

an inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body’s
handling of the amino acid phenylalanine, with
potentially serious consequences to the brain
and nervous system in infancy and childhood.

Answer 2

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 3

a genetic variation present from birth that may result in

disease.

Answer 3

inborn error of metabolism

Question 4

cells that specialize in the storage of fat and form the fat tissue.________ also produce fat-metabolizing enzymes; they also produce hormones involved in appetite and
energy balance

Answer 4

Fat cells

Question 5

systems of cells working together
to perform specialized tasks. Examples are
muscles, nerves, blood, and bone.

Answer 5

tissues

Question 6

discrete structural units made of tissues
that perform specific jobs. Examples are the
heart, liver, and brain.

Answer 6

organs

Question 7

a group of related organs that work together to perform a function. Examples are the circulatory system, respiratory system, and nervous system.

Answer 7

body system

Question 8

the fluid of the cardiovascular system;
composed of water, red and white blood cells,
other formed particles, nutrients, oxygen, and
other constituents. lymph (LIMF) the fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels
in its own vessels, which eventually drain back
into the bloodstream (see Figure 3–6).

Answer 8

blood

Question 9

blood vessels that carry blood containing
fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the
tissues

Answer 9

arteries

Question 10

blood vessels that carry blood, with the
carbon dioxide it has collected, from the tissues
back to the heart

Answer 10

veins

Question 11

minute, weblike blood vessels that
connect arteries to veins and permit transfer
of materials between blood and tissues
plasma the cell-free fluid part of blood and
lymph.

Answer 11

capillaries

Question 12

a pair of organs that filter wastes from
the blood, make urine, and release it to the
bladder for excretion from the body.

Answer 12

kidneys

Question 13

the body’s long, tubular organ of
digestion and the site of nutrient absorption.
liver a large, lobed organ that lies just under
the ribs. It filters the blood, removes and
processes nutrients, manufactures materials for
export to other parts of the body, and destroys
toxins or stores them to keep them out of the
circulatory system.

Answer 13

intestine

Question 14

the body’s organs of gas exchange. Blood
circulating through the lungs releases its carbon
dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen to carry to
the tissues.

Answer 14

lungs

Question 15

fluid residing inside the
cells that provides the medium for cellular
reactions.

Answer 15

intracellular fluid

Question 16

fluid residing outside the cells that transports materials to and from the cells.

Answer 16

extracellular fluid

Question 17

chemicals that are secreted by
glands into the blood in response to conditions
in the body that require regulation. These
chemicals serve as messengers, acting on other
organs to maintain constant conditions.
pancreas an organ with two main functions.
One is an endocrine function—the making of
hormones such as insulin, which it releases
directly into the blood (endo means “into” the
blood). The other is an exocrine function—the
making of digestive enzymes, which it releases
through a duct into the small intestine to assist
in digestion (exo means “out” into a body cavity
or onto the skin surface).

Answer 17

hormones

Question 18

a hormone from the pancreas that

helps glucose enter cells from the blood

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

a hormone from the pancreas that
stimulates the liver to release glucose into the
bloodstream.

Answer 19

glucagon

Question 20

the outermost layer of something. The
brain’s cortex is the part of the brain where
conscious thought takes place.

Answer 20

cortex

Question 21

a part of the brain that senses a variety of conditions
in the blood, such as temperature, glucose
content, salt content, and others. It signals other
parts of the brain or body to adjust those conditions
when necessary.

Answer 21

hypothalamus (high-poh-THAL-uh-mus)

Question 22

reaction the body’s instinctive hormone- and nerve-mediated reaction to danger. Also known as the stress response.

Answer 22

fight-or-flight

Question 23

the major hormone that elicits the stress response.

Answer 23

epinephrine (EP-ih-NEFF-rin)

Question 24

a compound related to epinephrine that helps to

elicit the stress response.

Answer 24

norepinephrine (NOR-EP-ih-NEFF-rin)

Question 25

the sum of all physical and chemical changes taking place in living cells; includes all reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food.

Answer 25

metabolism

Question 26

chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there. They diffuse across the gap to the next cell and alter the membrane of that second cell to either inhibit or excite it.

Answer 26

neurotransmitters

Question 27

bacteria, viruses, or other organisms invisible to the naked eye, some of which cause diseases. Also called microorganisms.

Answer 27

microbes

Question 28

a system of tissues and organs that defend the body against antigens, foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings.

Answer 28

immune system

Question 29

white blood cells that participate in the immune response; | B-cells and T-cells.

Answer 29

lymphocytes (LIM-foh-sites)

Question 30

white blood cells that can ingest and destroy antigens. The process by which phagocytes engulf materials is called phagocytosis. The Greek word phagein means “to eat.”

Answer 30

phagocytes (FAG-oh-sites)

Question 31

a microbe or substance that is foreign to the body.

Answer 31

antigen

Question 32

lymphocytes that attack antigens. The _____ are stored and matured in the thymus gland of the neck

Answer 32

T-cells

Question 33

lymphocytes that produce antibodies.

Answer 33

B-cells

Question 34

proteins, made by cells of the immune system, that are expressly designed to combine with and inactivate specific antigens.

Answer 34

antibodies

Question 35

the immune system’s response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells, redness, heat, pain, and swelling. ________________ plays a role in many chronic diseases.

Answer 35

inflammation

Question 36

the body system composed of organs that break down complex food particles into smaller, absorbable products.

Answer 36

digestive system

Question 37

to break molecules into smaller molecules; a main function of the digestive tract with respect to food.

Answer 37

digest

Question 38

``` to take in, as nutrients are taken into the intestinal cells after digestion; the main function of the digestive tract with respect to nutrients. ```

Answer 38

absorb

Question 39

The (A)__________ and (B)__________ are names for the tubular organs that extend from the mouth to the anus. The whole system, including the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, is sometimes called the gastrointestinal, or GI, system.

Answer 39

A. digestive tract | B. alimentary canal

Question 40

the wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along.

Answer 40

peristalsis (perri-STALL-sis)

Question 41

a muscular, elastic, pouchlike organ of the digestive tract that grinds and churns swallowed food and mixes it with acid and enzymes, forming chyme.

Answer 41

stomach

Question 42

a circular muscle surrounding, and able to close, a body opening. chyme (KIME) the fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach upon a meal.

Answer 42

sphincter (SFINK-ter)

Question 43

the circular muscle of the lower stomach that regulates the flow of partly digested food into the small intestine. Also called pyloric sphincter.

Answer 43

pyloric (pye-LORE-ick) valve

Question 44

the 20-foot length of small-diameter intestine, below the stomach and above the large intestine, that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.

Answer 44

small intestine

Question 45

the portion of the intestine that | completes the absorption process.

Answer 45

large intestine

Question 46

the large intestine.

Answer 46

colon

Question 47

waste material remaining after digestion and absorption are complete; eventually discharged from the body.

Answer 47

feces

Question 48

the digestive secretion of the | stomach.

Answer 48

gastric juice

Question 49

a strong corrosive acid of hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist in digestion.

Answer 49

hydrochloric acid

Question 50

a measure of acidity on a point scale.

Answer 50

pH

Question 51

a slippery coating of the digestive tract lining (and other body linings) that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices (and other destructive agents). The adjective form is mucous (same pronunciation). The digestive tract lining is a mucous membrane.

Answer 51

mucus (MYOO-cus)

Question 52

A solution with a pH of 1 is a A)_______; a solution with a pH of 7 is B)_______; a solution with a pH of 14 is a C)_______strong base.

Answer 52

A) strong acid B) neutral C) strong base

Question 53

a suffix meaning enzyme. Categories of digestive and other enzymes and individual enzyme names often contain this suffix.

Answer 53

-ase (ACE)

Question 54

any of a number of enzymes that break the chemical bonds of carbohydrates.

Answer 54

carbohydrase (car-boh-HIGHdrace)

Question 55

any of a number of enzymes that break the chemical | bonds of fats (lipids).

Answer 55

lipase (LYE-pace)

Question 56

any of a number of enzymes that break chemical bonds of proteins

Answer 56

protease (PRO-tee-ace)

Question 57

a cholesterol-containing digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed. It emulsifies fats and oils to ready them for enzymatic digestion

Answer 57

bile

Question 58

a compound with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that can attract fats and oils into water, combining them.

Answer 58

emulsifier (ee-MULL-sih-fire)

Question 59

fluid secreted by the pancreas that contains both enzymes to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and sodium bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent.

Answer 59

pancreatic juice

Question 60

a common alkaline chemical; a secretion of the pancreas; also the active ingredient of baking soda.

Answer 60

bicarbonate

Question 61

fingerlike projections of the sheets of cells lining the intestinal tract. The ____ make the surface area much greater than it would otherwise be.

Answer 61

villi (VILL-ee, VILL-eye)

Question 62

tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that greatly expand the surface area available to trap nutrient particles and absorb them into the cells

Answer 62

microvilli (MY-croh-VILL-ee, MY-croh- | VILL-eye)

Question 63

spasms of both the vocal cords and the diaphragm, causing periodic, audible, short, inhaled coughs. Can be caused by irritation of the diaphragm, indigestion, or other causes. _____usually resolve in a few minutes but can have serious effects if prolonged. Breathing into a paper bag (inhaling carbon dioxide) or dissolving a teaspoon of sugar in the mouth may stop them.

Answer 63

hiccups

Question 64

a burning sensation in the chest (in the area of the heart) caused by backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

Answer 64

heartburn

Question 65

medications that react directly and immediately with the acid of the stomach, neutralizing it. Antacids are most suitable for treating occasional heartburn.

Answer 65

antacids

Question 66

prescription and over-thecounter drugs that reduce the acid output of the stomach; effective for treating severe, persistent forms of heartburn but not for neutralizing acid already present. Side effects are frequent and include diarrhea, other gastrointestinal complaints, and reduction of the stomach’s capacity to destroy alcohol, thereby producing higher-than- expected blood alcohol levels from each drink Also called acid controllers.

Answer 66

acid reducers

Question 67

swollen, hardened (varicose) veins in the rectum, usually caused by the pressure resulting from [ Anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium. constipation.

Answer 67

hemorrhoids (HEM-or-oids)

Question 68

frequent, watery bowel movements usually caused by diet, stress, or irritation of the colon. Severe, prolonged diarrhea robs the body of fluid and certain minerals, causing dehydration and imbalances that can be dangerous if left untreated.

Answer 68

diarrhea

Question 69

infrequent, difficult bowel movements often caused by diet, inactivity, dehydration, or medication.

Answer 69

constipation

Question 70

an erosion in the topmost, and sometimes underlying, layers of cells that form a lining. ______of the digestive tract commonly form in the esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine. hernia a protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the body chamber that normally contains the organ. An example is a hiatal (high-AY-tal) hernia, in which part of the stomach protrudes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, which contains the esophagus, heart, and lungs.

Answer 70

ulcer

Question 71

intermittent disturbance of bowel function, especially diarrhea or alternating diarrhea and constipation, often with abdominal cramping or bloating; managed with diet, physical activity, or relief from psychological stress. The cause is uncertain, but IBS does not permanently harm the intestines nor lead to serious diseases.

Answer 71

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Question 72

a severe and chronic splashing of stomach acid and enzymes into the esophagus, throat, mouth, or airway that causes injury to those organs. Untreated GERD may increase the risk of esophageal cancer; treatment may require surgery or management with medication.

Answer 72

``` gastroesophageal (GAS-tro-eh-SOFF-ahjeel) reflux disease (GERD) ```

Question 73

a storage form of carbohydrate energy (glucose)

Answer 73

glycogen

Question 74

the working units in the kidneys, consisting of intermeshed blood vessels and tubules.

Answer 74

nephrons (NEFF-rons)

Question 75

the sac that holds urine until time for | elimination.

Answer 75

bladder