3 The Way Buildings Are Built Structural Design Features

Question 1

Load

Answer 1

Any effect that a structure must be designed to resist. Forces of loads such as gravity wind earthquakes soil pressure

Question 2

Gravity

Answer 2

Force acting to draw an object toward the earths center force is equal to the object wait

Question 3

When the air is in motion it possesses what type of energy

Answer 3

Kinetic energy

Question 4

When wind encounters a fixed object and exerts what

Answer 4

Force on the object

Question 5

To design an adequate structure the engineer must first determine

Answer 5

The type of magnitude of the force us to which the structure will be subjected

Question 6

Wind exerts the following basic forces on a building

Answer 6

Direct pressure, aerodynamic drag, negative pressure

Question 7

The impact affect the wind has on a surface. The Force maybe reduced by streamlining the service encountered

Answer 7

Direct pressure

Question 8

When wind encounters an object, it’s fluid nature causes it to flow around the object. This exerts a drag effect on the object

Answer 8

Aerodynamic drag

Question 9

The suction effect produced on the down wind side of the building resulting in outward pressure

Answer 9

Negative pressure

Question 10

Secondary wind effects.

Answer 10

Rocking effect, vibration, clean off effect (blow objects off building.)

Question 11

The clean off effect is of the tequila concerned when a building has projections. Such as

Answer 11

Canopy and parapets

Question 12

Primary effect considered when designing and building to withstand wind force is

Answer 12

Direct pressure

Question 13

Forces developed by earthquakes. Are some of the most complex forces exerted on a billing

Answer 13

Seismic forces

Question 14

Sometimes consideration for seismic loads is not given special attention because

Answer 14

Structural provisions for wind or gravitational load is adequate for likely seismic load

Question 15

Seismic load can be found in these regions

Answer 15

Pacific Coast, Canada, Hawaii, Central Utah, southern Illinois

Question 16

A force produced and structural member when it is twisted

Answer 16

Torsion force

Question 17

Magnitude of force developed in a building during earthquake depends on

Answer 17

Magnitude of vibration motion, type of foundation, soil under building, structure stiffness, dampening mechanisms in building

Question 18

This phenomenon occurs during earthquake, when soil is loose and Sandy saturated with water

Answer 18

Soil liquefication

Question 19

Tendency of a body to remain in motion or addressed until acted upon by force

Answer 19

Inertia

Question 20

Swaying motions and sheering forces can occur because of what force during earthquakes. More common in taller buildings

Answer 20

Inertia

Question 21

These Buildings are more susceptible to damage from earthquakes than buildings having symmetrical design

Answer 21

Buildings with Geometric regularities

Question 22

What can be designed into the structure between two sections of different shape and size to resist damage during earthquake

Answer 22

Seismic joint

Question 23

Maintaining fire rating of seismic joint can be difficult and can contribute to

Answer 23

Fire spread

Question 24

Buildings that require stronger seismic bracing

Answer 24

Public assembly, large office buildings, schools, community recovery, fire and police, hospitals, communication center, generator stations

Question 25

Increasing stiffness through use of sheer walls and cross bracing is used for

Answer 25

Protection against forces of earth quake slow vibrational.

Question 26

Building was designed with redundant structural frames are less likely to

Answer 26

Collapse of one member fails during quake

Question 27

Pre-use against earthquake damage dampening mechanisms can be provided and are usually installed

Answer 27

At the connections between columns and beams

Question 28

Two types of base isolation for earthquake protection

Answer 28

Elastomeric bearings, sliding systems

Question 29

Create a layer between the building and the foundation which has a low horizontal stiffness bearings made of either natural rubber or neoprene

Answer 29

Elastomeric bearings

Question 30

Earthquake protection use of special plates sliding on each other

Answer 30

Sliding systems

Question 31

Pressure exerted by soil against the foundation is known as

Answer 31

Active soil pressure

Question 32

Force of foundation against soil is known as

Answer 32

Passive soil pressure

Question 33

The magnitude of social pressure depends on

Answer 33

Type of soil, it's degree of cohesion, and moisture content

Question 34

Dead load

Answer 34

Weight of structure, structural members, building components, other feature prominently attached to building it is constant and immobile. Load on a structure due to its own weight

Question 35

As the temperature outside a building changes, the structural members at the periphery of the building

Answer 35

Expand and contract, causing force exerted on interior members due to temperature difference

Question 36

As wood dries over time this force can occur causing tensile forces at connection

Answer 36

Shrinkage

Question 37

Live load

Answer 37

Forced placed upon a structure by the addition of people objects or whether

Question 38

Load applied over a large area

Answer 38

Uniformly distributed load

Question 39

Load applied at one point or over a small area

Answer 39

Concentrated load

Question 40

Load exerted on a roof from the weight of snow is snow load, can vary from none to

Answer 40

60 pounds per square foot some areas such as northern Michigan

Question 41

Frequently snow load calculator for roof may be on the order of

Answer 41

20 or 30 pounds per square foot

Question 42

Water for firefighting operations can add an additional live mode. Stream of water discharge at 2:50 GPM introduces how much water

Answer 42

2082 pounds of water per minute

Question 43

Water depth of 3 inches will impose a load of

Answer 43

20.8 pounds per square foot

Question 44

Loads that are study motionless constant or applied gradually

Answer 44

Static load

Question 45

Loads that involve motion also called shock loading

Answer 45

Dynamic load

Question 46

Dynamic loads differ from static loads and that they are capable of delivering

Answer 46

Energy to a structure in addition to the weight of an object

Question 47

Equilibrium

Answer 47

Condition in which the support provided by structural system is equal to the applied loads

Question 48

Force that resists be applied loads are known as

Answer 48

Reactions

Question 49

Protecting beam or slab supported at one end

Answer 49

Cantilever

Question 50

Exterior loads can create different kinds of interior forces they are

Answer 50

Tension, compression, shear

Question 51

Tension

Answer 51

Those vertical or horizontal force is that tend to pull things apart, example force exerted on bottom cord of a truss

Question 52

Shear

Answer 52

Tends to slide one plane of material past an adjacent plane

Question 53

Load applied to the center of the cross-section of a member and perpendicular to that cross-section. It can be either tensile or compressive and create uniform stress across

Answer 53

Axial load

Question 54

Depending on the manner in which they are applied exterior loads can also be classified as

Answer 54

Axial, eccentric, or torsional

Question 55

Eccentric loading

Answer 55

Load perpendicular to the cross-section of the structural member but does not pass through the center of the cross-section

Question 56

Load offset from the center of the cross-section of the member and at an angle to more in the same plane as the cross-section. Produces a twisting affect that creates shear stresses

Answer 56

Torsional load

Question 57

Larger structural systems can be constructed from several basic components including

Answer 57

Beams, columns, arches, cables, trusses, space friends, connectors

Question 58

Structural member subject to loads usually vertical, perpendicular to its length

Answer 58

Beam

Question 59

Under fire conditions a rigidly supported beam will tend to retain its loadbearing ability longer than

Answer 59

A simply supported been

Question 60

The top of a beam is subject to compression whereas the bottom is subject to

Answer 60

Tension

Question 61

The primary design consideration of beams is their ability to resist

Answer 61

Bending from the applied loads

Question 62

Support variety of beams

Answer 62

Simply, restrained, cantilever, overhang, continuous

Question 63

Beams are typically in the shape of an i because

Answer 63

The top and bottom do the most work At resisting force venting

Question 64

Vertical supporting member designed to support axial compressive load

Answer 64

, Column

Question 65

Tall columns fail by buckling in short columns fail by

Answer 65

Crushing

Question 66

The curved structural member in which the interior stresses are primarily compressive

Answer 66

Arch

Question 67

Flexible structural members that can be used to support groups tense and restring pneumatic structures, under tension stress

Answer 67

Cables

Question 68

Truss

Answer 68

Structural member used to form a roof work for framework, formed by triangles or combinations of trying to provide maximum load bearing capacity

Question 69

Top and bottom members of the trusses are called

Answer 69

Top, Bottom cords

Question 70

Diagonal members of trusses are called either

Answer 70

Diagonals or web members

Question 71

Review truss table on page 96

Answer 71

Page 96 truss types

Question 72

Typical truss shapes are available to spend distances of 22 to 70 feet, but in today's construction trusts bands in excess of what distance are not uncommon

Answer 72

100 feet

Question 73

Failure of any portion of the top or bottom chord in a truss results in

Answer 73

Failure of the truss

Question 74

Truss structures that are developed in three dimensions

Answer 74

Space frames

Question 75

The connection and truss assemblies are a critical part of the trust failure of a connector will result in

Answer 75

Failure of the truss

Question 76

Wall that supports itself and the weight of the roof and or other internal structural framing components such as the floor beans about it

Answer 76

Bearing wall

Question 77

In post and beam construction vertical post may be spaced up to

Answer 77

24 inches apart

Question 78

In supporting roofs only, typical dimensions for posts in post and beam construction are

Answer 78

6 x 8"

Question 79

Rigid frame construction

Answer 79

When the joints between a column and being our reinforced so bending stresses can be transmitted through the joints

Question 80

Surface system

Answer 80

System of construction in which the building consists primarily of an. In closing service and in which the stresses resulting from the applied loads occur within the surface bearing wall structure

Question 81

Membrane structure

Answer 81

Structure with an enclosing surface of a thin stretch flexible material like tarp greenhouse

Question 82

Slab and column frames are more frequently encountered in

Answer 82

Concrete structures

Question 83

Tents are used for short periods where as membrane structures are

Answer 83

Permanent

Question 84

Shell structure

Answer 84

Rigid three-dimensional structure having an outer skin thickness that is small compared to other dimensions. Example as a nuclear power plant cooling tower

Question 85

Shell structures are commonly and geometric shapes such as

Answer 85

Cones, domes, barrel vaults, folded plates