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Pathology > 3- Tissue Renewal and Repair > Flashcards

3- Tissue Renewal and Repair Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What is regeneration?

A

It’s when a tissue proliferates it’s cells to replace lost structures.

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2
Q

Repair is a combination of what 2 processes?

A

Regeneration and scar formation by collagen deposition.

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3
Q

What are some examples of continuously dividing cells?

A

cells that continuously divide throughout life – present in tissues that slough off dead cells constantly, such as skin, oral cavity, vagina, GI, cervix, all gland entrances, bone marrow, and hematopoietic

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4
Q

What are quiescent cells?

A

I call them “quiet” cells because they have a very low level of replication.

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5
Q

What will happened if a quiescent cell is “awakened” from it’s slumber?

A

They can have a burst of activity to rapidly proliferate and divide.

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6
Q

What types of tissues are quiescent?

A

Liver, kidney, and pancreas

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7
Q

What types of tissues have cells that are nondividing?

A

Neurons, Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Why is damage to nondividing cell tissues especially bad?

A

Because they cannot undergo repair or regeneration of the tissue. The damage is almost permanent.

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9
Q

Embryonic stem cells can form what types of cells?

A

ALL CELLS. They’re pluripotent.

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10
Q

Where are adult stem cells located?

A

Niches, or locations of high division (cornea, skin, GI)

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11
Q

How does obligatory asymmetric replication maintain stem cell populations?

A

1 daughter cell replicates itself, the other daughter differentiates down their pathways.

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12
Q

How does stochastic differentiation maintain stem cell populations?

A

stem populations are balanced by having 1 cell create 2 replicating cells and 1 cell creating 2 differentiation cells

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13
Q

What are the 2 areas of the skin where the adult stem cell niches reside?

A

Lower layer of epidermis and buldge of hair follicle

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14
Q

What are the 2 areas of the intestine where the adult stem cell niches reside?

A

Case of crypt, above paneth cells

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15
Q

What are the 2 areas of the cornea where the adult stem cell niches reside?

A

limbus region, between conjunctiva and cornea

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16
Q

What is the 1 area of the liverwhere the adult stem cell niche resides?

A

in the canals of hering

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17
Q

What can the hemopoietic stem cells (HSC’s) make?

A

all the blood cell lineages and some bone marrow after damage.

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18
Q

What can the marrow stromal cells (MSC’s) make?

A

Theyre multipotent cells that can make chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes and myoblasts (basically all the “building” cells)

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19
Q

What types of cells do the adult stem cells make when normal hepatocyte proliferation is blocked?

A

Progenitor cells –> Oval cells –> hepatocytes and biliary cells

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20
Q

Neural precursor cells in the SVZ and dentate gyrus makes what type of cells?

A

neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocyts. (not much is known when or what activates these cells)

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21
Q

Adult stem cells in the skin make what type of cells?

A

Hair follicle cells and cells of the epidermis. Buldge stem cells are active when the skin is injured.

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22
Q

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cell growth

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23
Q

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

Replication of DNA

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24
Q

What proteins does the G1/S checkpoint involve?

A

Cyclins and CDK’s

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25
What is the function of CDK inhibitors?
They sense DNA damage --> inhibit CDK --> don't allow cell to go into S phase
26
What is "checked" at the G2/M checkpoint before mitosis happens?
Checks for damaged or unduplicated DNA
27
What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
Nondividing phase, where the cells sit in quiescence.
28
Epidermal growth α (EGF)- source
Platelets, macrophages, fluids
29
Epidermal growth α- function
stimulates keratinocytes migration and granulation tissue formation
30
Transforming growth factor α (TGF-α)- source
macrophages, lymphocytes, karatinocytes, many tissues
31
TGF-α- function
Similiar to EGF, stimulates replication of hepatocytes and most epithelial cells
32
Heparin-binding EGF- source
macrophages, mesenchymal cells
33
Heparin-binding EGF- function
keratinocyte replication
34
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF)- source
mesenchymal cells
35
HGF- function
proliferation of hepatocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells
36
Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)- source
Many cells
37
VEGF- function
increases vascular permeability, mitogenic for endothelial cells, ANGIOGENESIS
38
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- source
platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells
39
PDGF- function
chemotactic for WBC's, activates WBC's, stimulates angiogenesis and wound contraction
40
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF)- source
macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts
41
FGF- function
chemotactic, mitogeneic and stimulatory of fibroblasts. Also angiogenesis, wound contraction and matrix deposition
42
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)- source
platelets, T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes
43
TGF-β- function
chemotactic for PMN's, stimulates TIMP synthesis, angiogenesis and FIBROGENESIS
44
BMP's- source
smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts
45
BMP's- function
inhibits production of MMP's and keratinocyte proliferation
46
Keratinocyte growth factor (also called FGF-7)- source
Fibroblasts
47
KGF- function
Stimulates keratinocyte migration, proliferation and differentiation
48
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- source
macrophages, mast cells, T cells
49
TNF- function
activates macrophages, regulates other cytokines, multiple fxns
50
What is autocrine signaling?
When a cell signals itself
51
What is paracrine signaling?
When a cell signals its neighbors.
52
What is endocrine signaling?
When a cell signals far away places, typically transported through the blood.
53
What is the main type of receptor that growth factors use?
Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase
54
What type of receptors are most plasma protein receptors?
G-proteins
55
Where are the steroid receptors located within the cell?
The nucleus
56
What is the function of transcription factors?
responsible for what genes are turned on and off due to whatever is going on in and out of the cell
57
What type of animals can regenerate most of their tissues? (bonus bonus bonus bonus bonus question)
Urodele amphibians
58
Since we cannot fully regenerate our limbs and other tissues, what type of "regeneration" do mammals use (think liver)?
Compensatory regeneration, where a part of the organ or tissue is regenerated if damaged or missing.
59
Why is the extracellular matrix (ECM) essential for wound healing?
1. provides the framework for cell migration. 2. maintians correct cell polarity, 3. participates in forming new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
60
What are the 2 fibrous structural proteins of the ECM that provide tensile strength and recoil?
Collagen and elastins
61
What are the functions of the adhesive glycoproteins in the ECM?
connects the matrix components to one another, and connects the matrix to cells.
62
What are the main functions of proteoglycans and hyaluronans for the ECM?
Provides resilience and lubrication
63
Is regeneration possible if the ECM is damaged?
No. The ECM is essential for the scaffolding for tissue regeneration.
64
At what stage is Vitamin C required for the formation of collagen?
It's required for the hydroxylation of procollagen
65
Where is collagen type I found?
in hard and soft tissues
66
What types of disorders are found with defects in collagen type I?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
67
Where is collagen type II found?
cartilage, intervertebral disk
68
What type of collagen makes up the basement membrane?
Type IV
69
What is the morphology of elastic fibers?
They have a central core of Elastin surrounded by a peripheral network of Microfibrils
70
What does fibrillin do?
Serves as a scaffolding for the deposition of elasin and the assembly of elastic fibers.
71
What if there is a defect in fibrillin? What disorder is that called?
Marfan syndrome
72
What is the homotypic interaction of CAMs?
Interaction between the same cells
73
What is the heterotypic interaction of CAMs?
Interaction between different cell types
74
What type of CAM on the endothelial cell wall is upregulated during an infection to bind to leukocytes?
Selectins
75
What is the function of α catenin and β catenin for cadherins?
They link cadherin to the cytoskeleton.
76
Cadherin participates in interactions between cells of the same or different types?
Same type
77
What type of ion do cadherins require?
Ca++ (Ca---dherins)
78
What 2 cell-cell junctions are included in the cadherin family?
zonula adherens, desmosomes
79
What types of cancer could result from a change in cadherins?
breast and gastric cancer
80
Which type of CAM binds to fibronectins and integrins, and connects cells together?
Integrins
81
What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM? (this will be a test Q)
Laminin
82
Where are glycossaminoglycans (GAGs) located?
ECM
83
Hyaluronan is a GAG that binds a lot of what?
Water
84
Why is hyaluranon important?
It binds water and forms a hydrated gel that acts like a lubricant in joints and other places.
85
What do proteoglycans do?
They regulate connective tissue structure and permeability.
86
What is the difference between angiogenesis and vasculogenesis?
Angiogeneis is blood vessel formation in adults from preexisting endothelial precursor cells and vasculogenesis is blood vessel formation in the embryo.
87
If there is angiogenesis from a pre-existing vessel, which factors induce its process to begin?
bFGF, VEGF
88
When does angiogenesis occur from a pre-existing vessel?
When there is collateral circulation to an ischemic tissue.
89
Describe the process of angiogenesis from a preexisting vessel
vasodilation by NO and VEGF --> proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane --> migration of endothelial cells toward angiogenic stimulus --> proliferation of endothelial cells --> maturation of endothelial cells --> recruitment of periendothelial cells (stabilization of new vessel)
90
Where do endothelial precursor cells (EPC's) come from?
Bone marrow
91
What do EPC's do?
they are recruited to initiate angiogenesis in progressive diseases (wounds, tumors, ischemic organs)
92
What is the function of the Notch pathway?
It promotes the proper branching of new vessels and prevents excessive angiogenesis by decreasing the responsiveness to VEGF.
93
Which mediator is used in the notch pathway?
DLL4
94
What are the 2 ways that VEGF stimulates angiogenesis?
induces the migrations of EPCs from bone marrow, and enhances the proliferation and differentiation of these cells at the site of angiogenesis
95
What are the 3 stages of cutaneous wound healing?
inflammation --> proliferation --> maturation
96
An incision leads to what type of healing (1st or 2nd intention)? Why?
1st intention. Since there is limited epithelial and CT cell death, a continulous BM disruption, there is easy re-epithelialization to close the wound.
97
An excision leads to what type of healing (1st or 2nd intention)? Why?
2nd intention. There is extensive loss of cells, has an inflammatory rxn, theres granulation and collagen deposition.
98
An excisional wound leads to what type of scar?
A substantial scar with contraction.
99
What types of systemic things affect wound healing?
nutrition, metabolic status, circulatory status, and hormones
100
What types of local things affect wound healing?
infection, mechanical factors, foreign bodies, size, location and type of wound.
101
What is the hallmark of tissue repair?
Granulation tissue
102
When might wound dehiscence occur?
Vomiting, coughing, or ileus can generate mechanical stress on an abdominal wound
103
Why might ulceration occur?
result of inadequate vascularization during healing
104
What is a hypertrophic scar?
a raised scar that results from excess collagen (usually post big trauma)
105
What is a keloid?
a hypertrophic scar that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress
106
When might a contraction occur with a scar?
Contractures are commonly seen after serious burns and can compromise the movement of joints
107
What is fibrosis?
excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in tissue, typicall in chronic inflammatory diseases
108
What is the most fibrogenic agent? (will be a test Q)
TGF-beta

Pathology (4 decks)

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