3 - World History - Ancient World to 1750 CE

Question 1

Identify:

Key contributions of Ancient Greek civilization to Western philosophy and science.

Answer 1

• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations of Western philosophy, emphasizing reason, ethics, and political theory.
• Advances in mathematics by Euclid.
• Principles of physics by Archimedes.
• Hippocratic Oath in medicine.

Question 2

Explain:

How did the political structures of different city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, shape their societies and interactions?

Answer 2

• Athens’ democracy promoted civic participation, intellectual pursuits, and cultural achievements.
• Sparta’s oligarchic and militaristic system focused on discipline, military prowess, and austere living, leading to a society centered on warrior culture.

Question 3

Explain:

In what ways did Ancient Greek art and architecture reflect their values and beliefs?

Answer 3

• Greek art celebrated human beauty and form, exemplified by sculptures like the Venus de Milo and Discobolus.
• Architecture, such as the Parthenon, showcased their religious devotion, architectural innovation, and emphasis on harmony and proportion.

Question 4

Explain:

What role did mythology and religion play in the everyday lives of Ancient Greeks?

Answer 4

• Greek mythology and religion provided explanations for natural phenomena, human behavior, and life events, deeply influencing daily life and cultural practices.
• Religious rituals, festivals, and oracles were integral to public and private life, reinforcing social cohesion and moral values.

Question 5

Identify::

Key factors that led to the rise and expansion of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.

Answer 5

• Military conquest and strategic alliances.
• Effective administrative and legal systems.

Question 6

Describe:

How did Roman law and governance evolve from the Republic to the Empire, and what were the major reforms introduced during this transition?

Answer 6

• Transition from a Republic with elected officials to an Empire with centralized autocratic rule.
• Rise of Julius Caesar.
• Major reforms included the establishment of imperial bureaucracy and codification of laws (e.g., Justinian’s Code).

Question 7

Identify:

Causes and effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.

Answer 7

• Causes: internal instability, economic troubles, and invasions by barbarian tribes.
• Effects: fragmentation of Western Europe and the rise of feudalism.

Question 8

Explain:

How did Roman culture, including its art, architecture, and literature, influence the development of Western civilization?

Answer 8

• Roman architecture, such as the use of arches, vaults, and concrete, became foundational in Western building design.
• Roman law, governance, and Latin language shaped European legal systems and languages.
• Roman literature, particularly works by Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero, provided a model for later Western literature, inspiring themes of heroism, morality, and rhetoric that persist in modern Western culture.

Question 9

Describe:

What were the social and economic structures of ancient Rome, and how did they impact daily life for different classes within Roman society?

Answer 9

• Society was hierarchical, with a clear divide between patricians (elite) and plebeians (commoners).
• Economic activities included agriculture, trade, and slavery, influencing social dynamics and daily life.

Question 10

Identify:

Aspects of Ancient Roman life that are still used in societies today.

Answer 10

1. Legal Systems
2. Infrastructure and Engineering
3. Language
4. Architecture
5. Government and Republic

Question 11

Identify:

How did Cyrus the Great establish the Persian Empire?

Answer 11

• Military skill.
• Open mindedness about how subjects should be treated.
• Administrative skill by ruling through provinces.

Question 12

Explain:

What were the key factors and historical circumstances that led to the formation and rise of the Persian Empire?

Answer 12

• The unification of Persian tribes under the leadership of Cyrus the Great in the mid-6th century BCE.
• Strategic military conquests and diplomatic strategies that expanded Persian territory and influence, including the defeat of the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians.

Question 13

Explain:

How did the administrative structure and governance of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty contribute to its stability and ability to manage a vast and diverse territory?

Answer 13

• Relied on a system of satrapies, or provinces, each governed by a satrap who maintained local control while remaining loyal to the central authority.
• Created a decentralized approach to governance, which allowed the empire to efficiently manage its vast and diverse territories.
• Used standardized laws, a centralized tax system, and a network of roads to facilitate communication, trade, and military coordination across the empire.

Question 14

Explain:

How did the economic policies and infrastructure of the Persian Empire contribute to its stability and expansion?

Answer 14

• Standardized taxation and the use of a common currency created a stable financial system that supported both the government and trade across its vast territories.
• Infrastructure projects like the Royal Road and an extensive postal system enhanced communication, trade, and military mobilization, linking distant provinces and ensuring efficient governance.

Question 15

Describe:

Geography of the Persian Empire.

Answer 15

• Stretched from the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt in the west to the Indus Valley in the east.
• Encompassed varied landscapes, including deserts, mountain ranges, fertile plains, and coastal regions, across modern-day Iran, Turkey, Egypt, parts of Greece, and Central Asia.

Question 16

Explain:

What were the major political and cultural achievements of the Maurya and Gupta Empires, and how did they shape ancient Indian civilization?

Answer 16

• The Maurya Empire achieved significant political unification under Ashoka, who also promoted Buddhism.
• The Gupta Empire is known for its cultural and scientific advancements, often referred to as the Golden Age of India.

Question 17

Explain:

How did the religious and philosophical traditions of Hinduism develop and influence society?

Answer 17

• Developed through a synthesis of ancient Vedic traditions and local beliefs
• Established a complex system of deities, rituals, and social orders, which deeply influenced Indian society’s cultural and social norms.

Question 18

Explain:

How did the religious and philosophical traditions of Buddhism develop and influence society?

Answer 18

• Emerged from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.
• Advocated for the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
• Challenged the rigid caste system and promoted ideals of compassion and enlightenment, spreading across Asia and impacting various cultures.

Question 19

Explain:

How did the religious and philosophical traditions of Jainism develop and influence society?

Answer 19

• Founded by Mahavira.
• Emphasized non-violence (ahimsa), asceticism, and self-discipline.
• Influenced social and ethical practices and contributed to the development of vegetarianism in the region.

Question 20

Identify:

3 pillars of Indian society.

Answer 20

1. The Village: comprised of small villages that had autonomy,
2. The Caste System: formed through the Laws of Manu, an ancient text which governed everyday life.
3. The Family: formed around the joint family, in which the wives of the sons in a family live with the son’s parents and collectively rear children.

Question 21

Identify:

Levels in the Indian Caste System.

Answer 21

1. Brahmin
2. Kshatriya
3. Vaishya
4. Shudra
5. Untouchables

Question 22

Describe:

Geography of the Indus Valley civilization.

Answer 22

• Located on a flat alluvial plains.
• Surrounded by ocean, desert, and mountains.
• Covered with swamps and dense forests.
• The 2 major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Question 23

Explain:

Key intellectual and cultural achievements of the Gupta Dynasty.

Answer 23

• Development of the concept of zero.
• Significant contributions to algebra and astronomy.
• Advancements in medical knowledge through texts like the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita.
• Flourishing of classical Sanskrit literature.

Question 24

Describe:

What were the key factors in the emergence of the Huang He civilization, and why was it significant in ancient Chinese history?

Answer 24

• Emerged due to fertile land along the Yellow River, fostering agricultural development.
• Became significant for its early advancements in Chinese culture, technology, and state formation.

Question 25

# Describe: How did the geography of **Ancient China** affect its livelihood?

Answer 25

**Natural barriers** such as tropical rainforests, the Tibetan Plateau's tundra, the Himalayas, and the Gobi Desert isolated China, **limited expansion and trade** while providing protection from invasions.

Question 26

# Explain: How does **Confucianism** influence modern societal structures and cultural practices in East Asian countries?

Answer 26

* Emphasizing **hierarchical** **relationships** and social harmony, influencing governance, education, and family dynamics. * Cultural practices such as filial piety, respect for elders, and emphasis on collective well-being reflect Confucian values, promoting **social cohesion** and continuity of traditions.

Question 27

# Explain: How have the teachings of **Confucius** influenced **philosophical thought** and governance throughout history?

Answer 27

* Emphasized **moral integrity, social harmony**, and the importance of **hierarchical relationships**. * Significantly shaped philosophical thought and ethical behavior in East Asian societies. * Importance of **virtuous leadership** and the **role of education** in creating a just society influenced political systems and administrative practices throughout Chinese history and beyond. * Development of **meritocratic** systems and the cultivation of personal and societal virtues.

Question 28

# Identify: **2 major philosophies** in China during the Warring States period.

Answer 28

* **Confucianism:** governed interactions between individuals and emphasized education. * **Taoism:** focused on understanding the vastness of the world and harmony with nature.

Question 29

# Identify: Major political, social, and technological advancements during the **Zhou Dynasty**.

Answer 29

* Introduced the concept of the **Mandate of Heaven**. * Decentralized **feudalism**. * Created significant **technological advancements** like iron metallurgy and agricultural improvements.

Question 30

# Explain: How did the **Qin Dynasty**'s centralization of power and legal reforms transform the political and administrative landscape of ancient China?

Answer 30

* **Standardization** of laws, currency, weights, and measures. * Construction of **extensive infrastructure** like roads and the Great Wall, fundamentally transformed China's political and administrative landscape, establishing a unified and efficient state.

Question 31

# Explain: Political contributions of the **Han Dynasty**.

Answer 31

* Established a **centralized bureaucratic system** with a structured hierarchy, utilizing **civil service exams** to recruit qualified officials, which set a model for future Chinese governance. * **Expanded China's territory** through military conquests and diplomatic alliances, consolidating its control over key regions and establishing the Silk Road for trade and cultural exchange. * Implemented **legal reforms** and **standardized administrative practices**, including codifying laws and improving tax systems, which contributed to greater stability and efficiency in governance.

Question 32

# Explain: How did the **Silk Road** facilitate cultural, economic, and technological **exchanges between East and West**, and what impact did it have on the development of civilizations along its routes?

Answer 32

* Enabled the exchange of **goods, ideas, and technologies** between East and West, facilitating trade in silk, spices, and other commodities while spreading innovations like papermaking and gunpowder. * **Fostered cultural and religious interactions**, leading to the diffusion of philosophies, religions, and artistic styles, which significantly influenced the development of civilizations along its routes.

Question 33

# Explain: Significance of the **Neolithic Age**.

Answer 33

* Shift from hunter-gatherer societies to **sedentary living**, which involved the establishments of human settlements. * **Domestication** of plants and animals through **artificial selection**, by which humans fostered certain desired traits and species through breeding and the use of the **ard plough**.

Question 34

# Explain: How did the geography of **ancient Mesopotamia** shape its societal development, economy, and cultural achievements?

Answer 34

* The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers facilitated **agricultural prosperity** and urbanization, leading to the development of city-states and early forms of governance. * The region's strategic location enabled **trade and cultural exchanges** across the ancient Near East, influencing art, literature, and technological advancements.

Question 35

# Describe: How was government established in **Ancient Mesopotamia**?

Answer 35

* Combination of **religious authority and centralized rule**, with city-states often governed by priest-kings or monarchs who wielded both secular and religious power. * These rulers were responsible for maintaining order, administering justice, and overseeing agricultural and economic activities, often supported by a **bureaucracy of officials and scribes**. * As Mesopotamian societies evolved, the emergence of codified laws, such as the **Code of Hammurabi**, further institutionalized governance and established standardized legal frameworks.

Question 36

# Describe: What were the primary factors that contributed to the rise and longevity of **Ancient Egypt**'s civilization?

Answer 36

* The **Nile River** provided fertile land for agriculture, enabling sustained food production and supporting population growth. * Strong **centralized leadership** under pharaohs and an efficient bureaucracy helped maintain stability and order over centuries.

Question 37

# Describe: How did religious beliefs and practices shape the social and political structures of **Ancient Egypt**?

Answer 37

* The concept of **divine kingship**, where pharaohs were considered gods, reinforced the authority and legitimacy of rulers. * **Religious institutions and temples** played a central role in the economy, as they owned vast tracts of land and resources.

Question 38

# Describe: In what ways did **Ancient Egypt**'s interactions with **neighboring civilizations** influence its culture, technology, and economy?

Answer 38

* **Trade** with neighboring regions brought in goods, ideas, and technologies, fostering economic and cultural exchange. * **Military** campaigns, diplomacy, alliances, and treaties helped Egypt secure its borders and influence surrounding areas.

Question 39

# Identify: 4 major Near East Empires during the **Iron Age**.

Answer 39

* The Assyrian Empire * The Babylonian Empire * The Hittite Empire * The Neo-Elamite Empire

Question 40

# Explain: How did **religion** become a unifying factor after the Roman Empire fell?

Answer 40

* **Christianity** emerged as a unifying factor in Europe by providing a **common religious framework** and moral code that transcended regional and political divisions. * **The Catholic Church** played a central role in preserving and transmitting knowledge, cultural values, and administrative skills, helping to stabilize and integrate fragmented territories.

Question 41

# Explain: How did the **geography** of **Mesoamerica** impact the development of civilizations in the region?

Answer 41

* The region's **abundant rainfall and fertile soil**, particularly in the valleys and lowlands, provided **ideal conditions for agriculture**. * Mesoamerica's **diverse ecosystems**, including coastal plains, highlands, and rainforests, offered a variety of **resources**, such as timber, stone, and wildlife. * Mountains and rivers often served as **natural barriers**, which could both protect civilizations from invaders and limit their interactions with other groups. * **Rivers and waterways** also provided **natural trade routes**, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and people between different civilizations.

Question 42

# Explain: Significance of the "Calendar Round" in **Mesoamerican cultures**.

Answer 42

* Complex **calendrical system** used by many **Mesoamerican civilizations**. * Combination of two separate calendars: the **solar year** (365 days) and the **sacred year** (260 days). * The alignment of these two calendars created a **52-year cycle**, which was believed to mark the end of a world age and the potential for renewal or destruction.

Question 43

# Describe: Formation of the **Olmec** civilization.

Answer 43

* Rose to prominence around **1200 B.C.E**. * Thrived in the humid lowlands of the **Gulf Coast**, characterized by dense tropical forests, rivers, and access to the sea. * The region offered abundant **resources**, including timber, rubber, and seafood, which supported the development of a complex society.

Question 44

# Explain: What are 3 impacts of the **Olmec** civilization?

Answer 44

1. Their **art, religion, and technology** were adopted and adapted by later civilizations. 1. Developed a **complex symbolic language**, which influenced the development of writing systems in subsequent Mesoamerican cultures. 1. Had a deep understanding of **astronomy**, which they used to track the movements of celestial bodies and predict important events.

Question 45

# Describe: Formation of **Maya** civilization.

Answer 45

* Emerged from a long history of **human settlement** in Mesoamerica. * Over time, various indigenous groups developed **agricultural practices**, **trade networks**, and **religious beliefs** that laid the foundation for the Maya civilization. * The **Classic Maya period**, from around **250-900 CE**, is considered the height of Maya civilization, characterized by the rise of powerful city-states and the development of complex architecture, astronomy, and mathematics.

Question 46

# Explain: What are 3 significant impacts of the **Aztec** civilization?

Answer 46

1. Built impressive **cities**, developed advanced **agriculture**, and established a vast **trading** **network**. 1. Produced exquisite **art** and **architecture**, had a complex religion, and developed oral literature. 1. Legacy has endured and influenced the **culture and history of Mexico and Latin America**.

Question 47

# Explain: 3 causes of expansion among **Asian** and **Islamic Empires**. | 300 C.E. to 1400 C.E.

Answer 47

1. Empires like the Tang, Abbasid, and Mongol sought to expand their territories, influence, and economic resources to **control trade routes**, access new markets, and collect taxes. 1. **Improvements** in **transportation**, **agriculture**, and military **technology**, such as the stirrup and gunpowder, facilitated expansion and conquest. 1. Some empires, particularly the Islamic Caliphates, were motivated by a desire to **spread their faith** and establish a universal Islamic community. ## Footnote Example: The **Tang Dynasty** (618-907 CE) expanded its territory across much of East Asia, becoming a major cultural and economic center.

Question 48

# Describe: Consequences of interaction among Asian and Islamic Empires. | 300 C.E to 1400 C.E.

Answer 48

* The interaction between civilizations led to the **diffusion of cultural practices**, such as **Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam** which had a profound impact on the beliefs, values, and social structures of the societies they influenced. * **Innovations** in areas such as agriculture, medicine, and mathematics were **shared among different civilizations**. * The exchange of ideas and knowledge between different civilizations fostered **intellectual development and innovation**. * The Abbasid Caliphate, for example, became a major center of **learning and scholarship**, attracting scholars from all over the Islamic world. ## Footnote **Example**: the Arabs introduced many new crops and agricultural techniques to the Islamic world, while Chinese inventions such as gunpowder and papermaking were transmitted to other regions.

Question 49

# Describe: What were the key characteristics and impacts of the **feudal system** on medieval European society?

Answer 49

* Structured medieval European society through a **hierarchy** of lords, vassals, and serfs. * Provided social stability, military protection, and a **framework** for land ownership and economic activity.

Question 50

# Identify: 5 Pillars of Islam.

Answer 50

1. **Shahada (Profession of Faith)**: Muslims must profess their faith to Allah 2. **Salah (Prayer)**: Pray 5 times daily 3. **Zakat (Almsgiving)**: Be charitable to the less fortunate 4. **Sawm (Fasting)**: Fast during the month of **Ramadah** 5. **Hajj (Pilgrimage)**: Make 1 journey to **Mecca** in their lifetimes

Question 51

# Explain: **Great Schism of 1054** and its significance.

Answer 51

* The **division** between Western and Eastern Christians into Catholic and Orthodox Churches. * Driven by **disputes** over **papal authority and theological differences**, such as the Filioque clause. * Additional factors included differing beliefs about purgatory, the veneration of icons, and practices like priestly celibacy and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.

Question 52

# Describe: What were the primary **causes** and **effects** of the **Crusades** for both Europe and the Middle East?

Answer 52

**Causes**: * religious zeal to reclaim the Holy Land * desire for political and territorial gain * economic incentives such as trade opportunities **Effects**: * significant cultural exchange * increased tension between Christians and Muslims * lasting impacts on the political and social structures of both Europe and the Middle East

Question 53

# Explain: How did cultural exchanges resulting from invasions influence societies during the **Middle Ages**?

Answer 53

* The **Norman invasion of England** in 1066 brought French language and customs, blending with Anglo-Saxon traditions and significantly influencing English culture and governance. * The **Mongol invasions across Eurasia** in the 13th century facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between East and West, leading to advancements such as the spread of gunpowder and improved trade routes. * The **Islamic conquests of the Iberian Peninsula** introduced Islamic architecture, science, and scholarship to Europe, particularly in Spain, where cities like Córdoba became centers of learning and cultural fusion. ## Footnote Cultural exchanges introduced new ideas, technologies, and traditions, which often blended with existing local practices.

Question 54

# Explain: How did the **Magna Carta** influence the development of legal and political systems in medieval England and beyond?

Answer 54

* Established the principle that **everyone**, including the king, was **subject to the law**, laying the groundwork for constitutional governance in England. * Influenced the development of legal systems by introducing concepts such as **due process** and the protection of individual rights, which later inspired democratic principles worldwide.

Question 55

# Explain: How did the relationship between **Marco Polo** and the **Great Khan** influence the spread of Chinese technology?

Answer 55

* In the late 13th century, **Marco Polo** (from Venice) explored **Mongolia** (China) and built a relationship with the **Great Khan**. * He brought back to Europe valuable **maps and technologies** like the compass, the noodle, the printing press, gunpowder, paper money, and coal.

Question 56

# Describe: How did the **Medieval Guild** system work?

Answer 56

* They were organized groups of merchants, traders, and artisans that formed due to the increased taxes placed on **peasants** by the ruling class of the feudal system. Like **unions**, they regulated work hours and conditions for their work members. * Workers would get free **training** and **tools** to work their way up to getting paid.

Question 57

# Identify: What were the primary **causes** and **effects** of the **Hundred Years' War** between England and France?

Answer 57

**Causes**: * territorial disputes over French lands held by English kings * claims to the French throne **Effects**: * end of feudalism in France * the rise of national identities * shifts in military tactics, such as the increased use of longbows and gunpowder.

Question 58

# Explain: **Causes** of exploration and trade. | 1200-1750 C.E.

Answer 58

* Innovations like the astrolabe, compass, and **improved shipbuilding techniques** made long-distance sea voyages more feasible.   * The invention of the **printing press** facilitated the spread of knowledge, ideas, and religious texts.   * **Desire for luxury goods** like spices, silk, and porcelain drove merchants to seek new trade routes and markets.

Question 59

# Explain: **Effects** of exploration and trade. | 1200-1750 C.E.

Answer 59

* **Expanded Trade Networks:** New sea routes and increased trade fostered economic growth and cultural exchange. * **Colonial Domination:** European powers established vast empires, exploiting resources and leading to global conflict and cultural disruption. * **Demographic Shifts**: Population growth and migration reshaped societies and cultures worldwide. ## Footnote Example: Colombian Exchange

Question 60

# Identify: Key **factors** that contributed to the emergence of the **Italian Renaissance** as a major cultural and intellectual movement.

Answer 60

* The revival of classical learning and humanism. * Patronage of wealthy families. * Flourishing trade economy.

Question 61

# Explain: How did the Italian Renaissance influence **art**, **architecture**, and **literature** in Europe?

Answer 61

* Revolutionized art with the development of techniques such as **perspective, chiaroscuro, and realistic human anatomy**. * Masterpieces by artists like **Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael** inspired artists across Europe. * Revival of classical **Greco-Roman styles**, emphasizing symmetry, proportion, and the use of columns and domes. * Literature, driven by **humanist ideals**, produced works that explored human nature and individualism.

Question 62

# Identify: In what ways did the **political and economic conditions** of Italian city-states impact the development of Renaissance ideas and practices?

Answer 62

* Wealthy merchant families, such as the **Medici**, **invested** in artists, scientists, and scholars, enabling the flourishing of Renaissance ideas and practices. * **Strategic trade locations** facilitated cultural exchange, bringing new ideas from across Europe and the Mediterranean, further fueling the Renaissance.

Question 63

# Explain: How did the **Protestant Reformation** challenge the authority of the Catholic Church and lead to significant political, social, and religious changes in Europe?

Answer 63

* Challenged the authority of the Catholic Church by promoting **religious reform** and individual interpretation of the scriptures. * Led to rise of **Protestant** denominations, decreased papal influence, and the reshaping of societal structures and governance.

Question 64

# Explain: How was the **Church of England** established, and what was its significance to **King Henry VIII** and his reign?

Answer 64

* **King Henry VIII** began to consolidate the Church's power within England and to **restrict the power of the Pope in Rome**. * Worried about producing a male heir to continue his dynasty, he sought to divorce his wife, but the Pope **denied the divorce**. * Made the **Act of Supremacy in 1534**, officially severing ties between the Church of England and the leadership of the Pope, and requiring the English population to recognize the King as the Supreme Head of the Church.

Question 65

# Describe: How did the **Sack of Rome** in 1527 lead to the fall of the Renaissance?

Answer 65

* Disrupted the political and cultural stability of the city. * Scattered artists and intellectuals all over Europe. * Diminished the patronage that fueled the period's artistic and scholarly achievements.

Question 66

# Describe: How was the **Council of Trent** a significant event in the history of Catholicism?

Answer 66

* Marked the Catholic Church's definitive response to the **Protestant Reformation**. * Led to substantial **internal reforms**, the clarification of Catholic doctrines, and the strengthening of church discipline.

Question 67

# Explain: Why was Queen **Elizabeth I** of England important?

Answer 67

* Monarch of England during the country's **Golden Age** (1558 to 1604). * Leadership contributed extensively to the **economic** and **social** development of the country. * Kept peace between the **Catholics and Anglicans**. * This peace led to an increase in **arts and culture**, and exploration and science.

Question 68

# Describe: Significance of the **Thirty Years' War**.

Answer 68

* Reshaped the **political and religious landscape** of Europe. * Led to the **decline of the Holy Roman Empire**, the rise of state sovereignty, and the reconfiguration of power dynamics through the **Peace of Westphalia in 1648**.

Question 69

# Explain: How did the **English Civil War** alter the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament, and what were its **long-term effects on the governance of England**?

Answer 69

* Shifted the balance of power decisively in favor of **Parliament** over the monarchy. * Culminated in the temporary establishment of the Commonwealth and the eventual **constitutional monarchy**, which permanently transformed English governance.

Question 70

# Explain: In what ways did the **social, religious, and economic tensions** of 17th-century England contribute to the outbreak and progression of the **English Civil War**?

Answer 70

* The **social tensions** combined with religious conflicts between Anglicans, Puritans, and Catholics, fueled widespread dissatisfaction with the monarchy. * **Economic pressures**, including heavy taxation and disputes over royal financial policies, further exacerbated these tensions, leading to the outbreak of war.

Question 71

# Explain: How did the changing **political** landscape of **Central and Eastern Europe** in the 1600s set the stage for wars and conflicts the following century?

Answer 71

* Fragmentation of Central and Eastern Europe into competing states with **shifting alliances and rivalries**. * Rise of powerful states like **Prussia** and the weakening of others, such as Poland and the Ottoman Empire, led to a power vacuum and increased competition.

Question 72

# Explain: How did **Peter the Great's** reforms and modernization efforts transform Russia into a major European power in the early 18th century?

Answer 72

* Extensive **reforms** in the military, government, and industry. * Modernized Russia’s **infrastructure** and culture, significantly enhanced the nation's military and economic capabilities. * Established **new capital** in St. Petersburg, and focused on expanding Russia's influence and naval power.

Question 73

# Explain: How did the **Scientific Revolution** fundamentally alter the approach to **scientific inquiry and knowledge**, and what impact did it have on the development of modern science?

Answer 73

* Transformed the approach to scientific inquiry by emphasizing **empirical evidence**, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning. * Laid the groundwork for the development of modern **scientific methods** and **disciplines**.

Question 74

# Explain: In what ways did **key figures of the Scientific Revolution**, such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and Johannes Kepler, contribute to the **shift from classical to modern scientific thought**?

Answer 74

* Challenged established views. * Advanced the laws of physics and astronomy. * Established a new framework for understanding the natural world.

Question 75

# Explain: How did the advancements and ideas of the **Scientific Revolution** influence other areas of society, including politics, religion, and philosophy, during and after the 17th century?

Answer 75

* The Scientific Revolution emphasized **reason**, observation, and empirical evidence. * Significantly influenced Enlightenment thinking which advocated for political reforms, individual rights, and the **separation of church and state**. * Principles challenged traditional **religious doctrines** and philosophical views. * Led to a more **secular, rational approach** to understanding the world and shaping modern political and philosophical thought.

Question 76

# Identify: Who were 6 important **philosophers** of the **Enlightenment**?

Answer 76

1. Immanuel Kant 2. Isaac Newton 3. John Locke 4. Baron de Montesquieu 5. Thomas Hobbes 6. David Hume ## Footnote The **Enlightenment** spanned over two centuries and two continents (**Europe and North America**).

Question 77

# Identify: **4 principles** of the **Enlightenment**.

Answer 77

1. Rationalism 2. Empiricism 3. Progressivism 4. Cosmopolitanism

Question 78

# Explain: What were **Enlightened Despots** and why were they important?

Answer 78

* **Frederick the Great**, **Catherine II**, **Maria Theresa**, and **Joseph II**. * Tried to **integrate** the ideals of **Enlightenment** into their **absolute monarchies**. * **Enlightened absolutism**: despots are justified having absolute power if they use that power for the common good of their subjects.