#300 to #399 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What is the term for Russian pioneers or peasant-adventurers who settled much of Central Asia?
A
Cossacks
2
Q
What was the name of the Russian dynasty that took power in the 17th century and ruled Russia until the Bolsehvik Revolution in 1917?
A
Romanov
3
Q
What was the name of the new capital city that Peter the Great built on the Baltic Sea?
A
St. Petersburg
4
Q
List one economic and one cultural feature of the westernization of Russia under Peter the Great.
A
Economic-building metallurgical and mining industries
Cultural-required noble to shave their beards, wear western clothes, education in mathematics and technical subjects, ballet, Christmas trees.
5
Q
In what ways was Peter the Great’s program of westernization in Russia selective?
A
Did not try to include ordinary people; did not involve them in the technological or intellectual aspects of Westernization, did not try to introduce wage labor, no interest in building an export economy, changes were designed to strengthen the autocratic state, not challenge it.
6
Q
What large empire became Russia’s chief competitor in the 17th - 18th centuries?
A
The Ottoman Empire
7
Q
Which country was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the 18th century?
A
Poland
8
Q
Whose reign best marks the height of Russian power in the premodern world?
A
Catherine the Great
9
Q
Who lead the most famous peasant rebellion in the 18th century Russia?
A
Pugachev
10
Q
What did Pugachev promise the peasants?
A
End to serfdom, taxation, and military conscription, abolition of the landed aristocracy.
11
Q
The grants of Indians to individual Spaniards as a labor system were called?
A
Incomiendas
12
Q
The Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas, y conquistador turned priest became an ardent supporter and conversion of?
A
Indians and an advocate of Indian rights
13
Q
The man responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire was?
A
Hernon Cortes
14
Q
The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1594 divided the world into spheres of influence belonging to?
A
Portugal and Castille (Spain)
15
Q
What colony became the first major plantation zone, organized to produce a tropical crop in demand in Europe?
A
Brazil
16
Q
The sociedad de castas divided society according to?
A
Racial origins
17
Q
Prior to the Mongol invasions of their empire the Abbasid dynasty was dominated by?
A
The Seljuk Turks
18
Q
The original base of the Ottoman Turks was?
A
Anatolia
19
Q
The Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire in?
A
The 15th century (1453)
20
Q
The slave trades of the Ottomans who were forcibly conscripted as adolescents from conquered territories that were known as?
A
The Janissaries
21
Q
The head of the Ottoman central bureaucracy was the ?
A
Vizier
22
Q
What European nation first threatened the Ottoman monopoly of trade with East Africa and India?
A
Portuagal
23
Q
The center of the Safavid empire was the modern day state of?
A
Iran
24
Q
The Safavid dynasty has its origins in the 14th century in a family devoted to what variant of Islam?
A
The Shi’a
25
The founder of the Mughal dynasty was?
The Babur
26
What were two Mughal social reforms aimed at women?
Ending the practice of sati, providing relief for women trapped in the home (prudah)
27
An example of Mughal architecture is embodied in what Indian building?
The Taj Mahal
28
What was the African contribution to the "Columbian Exchange"?
slaves
29
What European nation first established direct contact with black Africa?
Portugal
30
Which of the following African kingdoms was most successfully converted to Christianity?
Kongo
31
In what century did the Atlantic slave trade reach its zenith in terms of numbers of Africans exported?
17th
32
What region in the Americas received more slaves than any other between 1550 and 1850?
Brazil
33
What was the term utilized for the commercial arrangement by which African slaves were shipped to the Americas, sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe, and European manufactured goods were transported to Africa?
Triangular trade
34
Which of the following was a large African state that developed in western Africa during the period of African slave trade?
Asante
35
In 1652 what group established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope?
The Dutch East India Company
36
In 1818 who assumed leadership in the Zulu chiefdom of the Nguni people of southern Africa?
Shaka
37
What was the average mortality for slaves shipped to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade?
18-20%
38
What limited European expansion into the Asian markets during the age of exploration?
lack of demand for European goods
39
What were the main zones of the Asian trading network?
South Asian zone, Indian zone, and Chinese zone
40
What European power eventually came to control the spice trade from southeast Asia?
Holland
41
What area of Asia did the Spanish colonize in the early 16th century?
The Phillipines
42
What were the two most important routes that Europeans established with the Asian trading network in the 16th century?
Link around Cape of Good Hope and trans-Pacific link from Mexico to the Phillipines
43
What were the most important Portuguese outposts in the Asian trading network?
Goa and Malacca
44
What name did the first MIng emperor take for himself?
Hong Wu
45
Name two kinds of reforms that the MIng emperor introduced?
return of scholar bureaurcrats and the examination system, crack down on corruption at court, public works and agriculture reforms
46
Whose books did Hong Wu have burned because he thought they might be dangerous?
Mencius
47
Name two American crops that had a big impact on Ming, China?
sweet potato, corn, peanuts
48
What were the only two places where Europeans were allowed to trade with the Chinese?
Macao and Canton
49
What was the major innovation in the arts in Ming era?
Novel
50
Which of the three Japanese generals whose legacy was the Tokugawa Shogunate used European firearms to defeat his rivals - especially his Buddhist rivals?
Nobunaga
51
Which group of Europeans maintained contact with the Japanese and where were they restricted to?
Dutch, (Deshima) Nagaski Bay
52
What group of Christians tried to convert the Japanese and who were the most famous of them?
The Jesuits, Francis Xavier
53
What theme dominates the 1750-1914 period and what events demarcate its beginning and end?
European Imperialism; industrial revolution, and World War 1 (breakdown of western hegemony)
54
What replaced the slave trade in terms of a cheap labor supply?
Immigration from Asia and (S&E) Europe
55
List the reactions to growing western military and industrial dominance from 1715 to 1914, and cite the locations where these reactions took place.
incorporation into an expanded western civilization, e.g., US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, imitation of western military and economic modernization, but not culture, the resistance and growing weakness-Ottoman, Chinese
56
Peter Stearns divides up the 1750-1914 period into three subperiods. What are they and what theme characterizes each?
Late 18th-growing crisis/changes in sex-machinery
1789-1850-experimentation/political revolution
1850-1914- working out of industrialization (maturing)
57
To what does Peter Stearns attribute population revolution (growth) of the late 18th century and what problems did it cause?
better border policing and efficient government that reduced movement of diseased animals; improved nutrition-potato,
reduction in social mobility; expansion of businesses, proletarianization, growth in premarital sex, decline in parental authority
58
What is "protoindustrialization"?
cottage system/putting out system
59
What became the symbol of the French Revolution, and what was the date of this event?
storming of bastille, July 14, 1789
60
The 19th century is sometimes referred to as the century of "isms". Which "isms" was born in the French Revolution?
nationalism
61
In which industry did the industrial revolution begin?
cotton textiles
62
What was the key invention of the industrial revolution?
Watt's steam engine
63
List the features of the factory system that differentiated it from earlier forms of labor?
separated work from the home
allowed specialization
more explicit rules and discipline
64
Which regions of continental Europe were the first to industrialize?
Belgium and France
65
How did the industrial revolution transform the roles and status of women and children?
separate sphere for women; education for children
66
In what year did the wave of revolutions spread throughout Europe that sought to introduce more democratic and nationalist forms of government as well as social reforms?
1848
67
Define the term, "demographic transition."
Change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
68
To what does Peter Stearns attribute increased life expectancy and lover the infant mortality rates in Europe during the latter half of the 19th century?
Better hygiene; discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur and more conscientious sanitary regulations and procedures by doctors.
69
Describe / summarize the changes in the advocates / support for nationalism in the 19th century.
Began as a radical political movement; became a conservative movement
70
Name two European countries that achieved national unification in the late 19th century.
Germany and Italy
71
List three kinds of reforms or innovations that were introduced in industrial European states in the late 19th century.
Civil service examinations; schooling; welfare measures.
72
What new forces made up the political realignment or 'social questions' of the late 19th century?
socialism and feminism
73
Briefly describe two cultural changes in western societies that Stearns associates with the industrialization and modernization. Please provide specific examples.
mass leisure culture-newspapers, comics, popular theater, movies, sports (Olympic games)
growing secularism
advances in scientific culture-medicine, agriculture (fertilizers), Darwin's theory of evolution, Einstein's theory of relativity, Freud's theory of the subconscious
new directions in art-romanticism to impressionism and expressionism
74
What advances did industrialization give to the west?
production of goods; military technology
75
What were the two major alliance systems in Western Europe prior to World War 1 and what states belonged to each?
Triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
| Triple entity: Britain, France, Russia
76
Which state's territories decreased the most in size in the Balkans prior to World War 1?
Ottoman Empire
77
What were "men-on-the-spot" and what was their role in the early phase of European imperialism?
men who actually ran trading empires in remote locations who made 'on the spot' decisions about direct interventions in the affairs of the local political state and empires.
78
What was the strategy that was pursued by European imperialists abroad?
divide and conquer
79
Who served as soldiers in the armies of most European trading empires?
indigenous/native people
80
What three port cities were the principal trading towns of the early British empire in India?
Madras, Bombay, Calcutta
81
What was the trend in interracial relationships between the late 18th and late 19th century?
decreasing tolerance/acceptance of interracial relationships; increasing racism
82
Who were the Nabobs?
the British representatives of the East India Company who earned a reputation for corruption, bad manner, and conspicuous consumption during their time in India
83
Name two groups in England that lead the struggle for social reforms including the abolition of the slave trade and the exploitation of colonial peoples?
Methodists (Evangelical), Utilitarians
84
Why does Stearns consider the reforms the British enacted in India to be a watershed in global history?
The European rulers of one of the oldest centers of civilization began to transmit ideas, inventions, modes of organization, and technology to the peoples of the non-western world.
85
Why was western education so valuable to European imperialists?
provided inexpensive native administrative class that was used to the enviornment
86
What inventions gave Europeans the decisive edge in wars of colonial conquest in the late 19th century?
steam ship, telegraph, railroad, quinine, machine gun, mobile artillery, breech loading rifles
87
List one African and one southeast country that did not become a European colony in the late 19th century.
Ethiopia, Siam (Thailand)
88
Peter Stearns places European colonies into categories. List and briefly describe them.
Tropical dependencies-small number of Europeans ruled large populations of non-western peoples; extension of earlier patterns established by English, Dutch, and French in India, Java, and Africa settlement colonies. White dominions-large land areas, low population of white settlers who made up most of the population; US, Canada, Australia contested settler colonies-significant populations of Europeans and large indigenous populations who clashed over land rights, resource control, social status, cultural differences; South Africa, New Zealand, Hawaii.
89
Name one popular- non coercive-technique used by Europeans to draw indigenous people into production of goods for a European dominated world economy.
impose head and hut taxes that could only be paid with cash crops (or money) offer cheap consumer goods for sale that could only be bought with cash
90
What is the term used to describe the American born European elites in the Spanish American colonies?
Crillos (Creoles)
91
According to Stearn four external events had a strong impact on political thought in Latin America. List them.
American Revolution; French Revolution, Haitian Revolution; and the French conquest of Spain.
92
Stearn refers to three main theaters of operation for Latin American independence movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. List them and identify their leaders.
Mexico-Father Hildalgo/ Augustin de Inturbide
South American and Caribbean- Simon Boliviar and Jose San Martin
Brazil- new capital of the Portuguese empire after Napoleon's conquest-Dom Joao Vl's son Pedro- Dom Pedro l, constitutional emperor-only monarchy in South America
93
What is the name given to the independent and charismatic leaders who dominated the political culture of Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries?
Caudillos
94
Which European country was the dominate economic power in Latin America in the early 19th century?
Great Britain
95
Who instituted the liberal programs La Reforma into Mexico?
Benito Juarez
96
Which two groups resisted liberal reform in Latin America?
conservatives and clergy
97
What became the most important export crop in Brazil in the 19th century?
coffee
98
What was the last nation in the western hemisphere to abolish slavery?
Brazil
99
Name two export products that lead economic boom in the later 19th century, and identify the regions from which they came.
bananas, coffee-Central America
copper, silver- New Mexico
wool, wheat, beef- Argentina
100
What are two conflicting theories about economic development that were debated among scholars in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s?
modernization theory and dependency theory
