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bio 12 > Unit 4 - DNA > Flashcards

Unit 4 - DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are building blocks of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of Nucleic Acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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3
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

– Deoxyribose sugar
– Phosphate group
– Nitrogenous base

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4
Q

Which 2 bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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5
Q

Which 2 bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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6
Q

What are the 4 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA unzips
  2. Complimentary Base Pairing
  3. Formation of the Phosphate-sugar backbone
  4. Short strands of DNA are joined
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7
Q

What catalyzes the unzipping of DNA?

A

Helicase

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8
Q

What catalyzes the complimentary base pairing?

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

What catalyzes the formation of the phosphate-sugar backbone?

A

DNA polymerase

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10
Q

What catalyzes the joining of the short strands of DNA?

A

Ligase

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11
Q

What is the smallest length of a DNA molecule?

A

4.6 E7

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12
Q

DNA is found in _____ in eukaryotic organisms.

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

What protein causes the formation of chromosomes?

A

Histones

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14
Q

Each chromosome consists of functional units called _______

A

Genes

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15
Q

Any change in the sequence of base pairs of a gene

A

Mutation

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16
Q

4 types of mutagens

A

Radiation: X-rays, UV Rays, etc.

Chemicals: Asbestos, Urethane, etc.

Heavy Metals: Lead, Mercury, etc.

Viruses: HPV, Hepatitis B, etc.

17
Q

What are the two types of mutations?

A

Frameshift and Point mutations

18
Q

Tell me how point mutations work

A

– Involve replacing a single base with another

– Will only affect a single codon

19
Q

Tell me how frameshift mutations work

A

– Additions: - base pairs are added
– Deletions: - base pairs are removed
– Inversions: - segments of DNA are inverted

20
Q

What is the central dogma of modern genetics?

A

each gene codes for a single protein

21
Q

What are the most abundant compound in the cell and control all metabolic processes via enzymes?

A

Proteins!

22
Q

The synthesis of proteins is directly controlled by ____

A

DNA

bio 12 (15 decks)

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