Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GEM > 3.02 Minerals > Flashcards

3.02 Minerals Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the daily amount needed for macro minerals?

A

> 100 mg per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is calcium in the body?

A

98% bone
The rest is free in cells (signal, muscle contraction, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What form does calcium need to be for absorption?

A

Ionized
(freed from slats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major sources of calcium in diet?

A

Dairy product, leafy greens, fortified orange juice (30-35% at a time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Common causes of hypercalcemia?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism
Cancer metastasis to bone
Vit D toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Soft tissue calcification, EKG abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, anorexia can be clinical indication of?

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when Ca2+ binds avidly to cell membrane phospholipids?

A

Reduces membrane fluidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many Ca2+ can bind to calmoduline to create the calcium-calmodulin complex?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When does Ca2+ become free/dissociated from salt it was bound to in order to be absorbed in intestine?

A

Low pH of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the channel that uptakes the Ca2+ into the intestinal cell ?

A

TRPV5 < TRPV6*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What binds to the free Ca2+ immediately when it enters into an intestinal cell?

A

Calbindin-D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What BL proteins are responsible for pumping calcium into portal blood?

A

NCX1 - antiporter (Ca + 3Na+)
PMCA1b - active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does Vitamin D increase Ca2+ absorption?

A

It promotes the activity and proliferation of calcium binding proteins, protein synthesis, and activating BL pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the unregulated way that ca2+ can go from the lumen to circulation (unable to be saturable)?

A

Paracellular transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the majority of calcium clearance?

A

Urine (free, 2%) and feces (most non absorbed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormones tightly control serum levels of calcium?

A

PTH (Parathyroid hormone) and Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does PTH increase serum Ca2+ ?

A

increased bone resorption
Kidney calcium reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does PTH do to serum phosphate?

A

It decreases it by reducing its absorption at the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What hormone is solely responsible for intestinal Ca2+ absorption?

A

Vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What reduces serum levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting bone resorption and kidney reabsorption?

A

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

Active form of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does calcitriol do to promote increased serum calcium?

A

Increase bone resorption
Increase gut absorption
Increase kidney reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does the PTH act in order to increase serum calcium?

A

Bone and Kidney
(NO GUT INVOLVEMENT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are common causes of hypocalcemia?
Hypoparathyroidism (Wilson’s Disease, thyroidectomy, primary PTH def, autoimmune) Low Vit D (Low sunlight, low diet, malabsorption diseases)
26
Bone density disorders (Rickets, osetomalacia, osteoporosis) and neuromuscular tetany, spasms, and cramping, cardiomyopathy (prolong QT), and laryngopharyngeal spams are indicative of?
Hypocalcemia
27
What is the most abundant intracellular ion in humans?
Phosphorus
28
Where is 85% of phosphorus in body found?
Bone and teeth (hydroxyapatite)
29
What the issue in drinking a lot of colas despite it being a good source of phosphorus?
It can form tight complexes with free calcium becoming insoluble and prevent both from being absorbed at gut
30
At physiologic pH, what is the form of free phosphate?
HPO4 2- (Make it a good buffer)
31
What are the roles of phosphorus in our bodies?
Energy storage (ATP bonds) Structural (phospholipids/nucleotides) Metabolic charging Protein modification and covalent regulation Cell signaling PH buffer
32
How is most of the phosphorus we need absorbed?
Diet as chylomicrons
33
How is free phosphate absorbed?
Na+/P symporter regulated by Vit D and estrogen
34
What are hormones that regulate serum phosphate?
Calcitriol - Increase (bone + intestinal) PTH - Decrease (Kidney)
35
What are common causes of hypophospahatemia?
Vitamin D def Antacid Aluminum overuse Liver or kidney Dx Malnutrition Refeeding syndrome Hyperparathyroidism Chronic alcoholism Fanconi Syndrome
36
How can phosphorus depletion happen in Refeeding syndrome?
After long period of fasting/stravation the cells are flooded with carbs, insulin pushes glucose into cell, cells depletes phosphorus (cell then blood) to phosphorylate the glucose “sugar trap”
37
Lethargy (CNS depression, irritability, seizures), anemia, and myopathy are common presentations of what?
Hypophosphatemia
38
Common causes of hyperphosphatemia?
Decreased PTH production Renal insufficiency - dehydration Hyperlipidemia (impaired kidneys, insulin resistance, diet, inflamm)
39
Tetany, diarrhea, soft tissue calcifications, and kidney stones are presentations of?
Hyperphosphatemia
40
What should be noted about free iron, especially Fe2+?
Highly toxic b/c Fenton Reaction (free iron + hydrogen peroxide —> hydroxyl radical)
41
Major sources of iron?
Diet Heme = meat, poultry, shellfish Ferric = cereals, lentils, molasses
42
Major function of iron in body?
Oxygen transport Cell respiration (Fe-S mito) Drug & xenobiotic metabolism Oxidative burst macrophages
43
Key transport proteins for iron at enterocytes?
DMT-1 (free Fe2+) Dcytb (Fe3+—> Fe2+) HCP (heme)
44
What oxidizes intracell Fe2+ (free) back to Fe3+ (ferretin)?
Heme oxygenase
45
What happens to the remaining free iron inside a cell that is not stored in ferritin?
Ferroportin moves them out into circulation
46
What happens when Fe2+ is released from enetrocyte into circulation?
Hephaeston (Heph) oxidizes Fe2+ —> Fe3+ Then Fe3+ able to bind to transferrin to move in blood to other organs
47
Hormone secreted by liver that binds to ferroportin to internalize/destroy it in response to high serum iron levels?
Hepcidin
48
Protein found in blood stream that oxidizes any free Fe2+ (ferrous) back to Fe3+ (ferric) ?
Ceruloplasmin
49
What cofactor is necessary for ceruplasmin to do its job?
Copper
50
What are factors that can inhibit iron absorption by acting as chelators?
Oxalates Tannins Polyphenols
51
What allows infants to additionally absorb iron?
Lactoferrin mediated endocytosis (breast milk) And Pinocytosis
52
Main effect of iron deficiency?
Microcytic hypo chromic anemia (Lethargy + neuro/physical delay)
53
An overload of what can affect/inhibit iron absorption?
Excess Copper and Zinc absorption (competition)
54
What is a downside to iron supplementation in terms of correcting the deficiency?
It can take week to months to correct
55
What are signs of iron overload?
Nausea, headaches, neuroimpairment
56
Hyperpigmentation with hyperglycemia and damage to the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and heart are signs of?
Hereditary hemochromatosis (iron overload)
57
What is the most common cause of iron overload?
Over supplementation
58
What is the role of copper in the body?
Required cofactor for ferroxidase enzymes in iron oxidation Immune system signaling Cell differentiation Bone formation pathway Oxidation defenses
59
Although copper deficiency via diet is rare since it is in meat, shellfish, nut, and whole grains, the first sign of a deficiency is?
Anemia (iron metabolism impairment)
60
What are the main copper transporters into enterocytes (entire length of small intestine)?
DMT1 Ctr1 (but needs Dcytb to reduce it to Cu1+ first)
61
What copper transporter is seen in the BL?
ATP7A - Copper ATPase (active)
62
How is copper transported in body?
Mostly through albumin (But can also bind transferrin or ceruloplasmin)
63
What is the main way that copper is excreted?
Biles salts allows it to be expelled from feces (Also sloughed off intestinal cells)
64
Copper and/or Zinc overload can cause iron deficiency because it displaces Fe3+ from what?
Transferrin
65
Anemia, changes to hair, skeletal defects, and connective tissue disturbances, progressive neuro degeneration, altered pigmentation, nuetropenia are signs of?
Copper deficiency
66
What are risk factors of copper deficiency?
MENKES SYNDROME Diets rich in phytates/oxalates or low meat
67
Where is the mutation in Menke’s Syndrome?
ATP7A
68
Copper toxicity can lead to what?
Liver failure with chronic intakes >30mg/day Most ADSE from iron absorption disruption
69
What is the genetic deficiency of Wilsons disease?
ATP7B*
70
What happens in Wilsons Disease?
Protein responsible for copper efflux (ATP7B) is shot, so it accumulates in liver, eyes, brain, kidneys, and skin
71
What is a diagnostic test you can do for Wilsons Disease?
Urine Copper Levels (elevated)
72
Why would urine copper be high in Wilsons disease?
Liver damage to hepatocytes causes them to burst and spill into circulation
73
Cognitive impairment, loss of motor function, and liver failure are signs of?
Copper toxicity
74
Treatments for copper toxicity?
Zinc supplementation and chelation
75
Roles of zinc in the body?
Structure of transcription factors (Zinc fingers) = gene expression Insulin store/secrete Immune signaling and diff Cofactors (LOTS)
76
Zinc dependent hormone involved in T cell differentiation?
Thymulin
77
Sources of ZInc in diet?
Meat, fish, eggs, diary
78
Who should consider Zinc supplementation?
Strict vegans
79
What protein is for zinc uptake into enterocyte?
ZIP4
80
What proteins allow zinc to move from enterocyte into circulation?
ZIP5 or ZnT1
81
How does zinc mostly move through the body?
Bound to albumin
82
How is zinc mostly excreted?
Feces (bile salts + metallothionien)
83
Appetite loss, alopecia, hyperkeratinization of skin, slow growth in children, low T/B cells, loss of taste and smell, low sperm count are signs of?
Zinc deficiency
84
What are some risk factors of zinc deficiency?
Phytate rich food Low meat diets Metal chelating drugs Acrodermatitis enteropathica (defined of SLC39A4 - encodes ZIP4) Vision problems
85
Most common cause of zinc toxicity?
Excess long term supplementation, excess cold Lozenges, and Neutropenia (secondary to Cu def)

GEM (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions