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Vanessa Biochem Post Midterm > integrative metabolism > Flashcards

integrative metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

muscle fiber type that is multinucleated and striated with low glycogen storage and a rich capillary blood supply

A

type I skeletal muscle

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2
Q

brain derives its specialized, complex, and VLC lipids from what linoleic and alpha linolenic acids

A

cerebroside, gangliosides, plasmalogens, very long chain FA

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3
Q

two types of cells in the brain

A

neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)

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4
Q

types of neuroglia cells

A

astrocytes (blood brain barrier), oligodendrocytes (myelination), and microglia (immune function)

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5
Q

supply of energy for brain in the well fed state

A

glucose

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6
Q

organ that uses high and consistent rate of O2 consumption

A

brain

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7
Q

state after a meal is called …

A

absorptive or post prandial state

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8
Q

what does brain use for energy during prolonged fast

A

ketone bodies

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9
Q

importance of brain using ketone bodies for energy

A

it spares the glucose allowing for a reduction in gluconeogenesis and helps to spare body protein from amino acid degradation

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10
Q

glucose and ketone bodies enter the brain via what typeof diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

glucose uses what transporter to get into the brain

A

GLUT 1 and 3 (not insulin dependent)

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12
Q

ketone bodies use what transporter to get into the brain

A

monocarboxylate transporter (slower than GLUT’s and upregulated during starvation)

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13
Q

energy storage in the brain

A

none really …low glycogen (insignificant) and no TAGs

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14
Q

why can’t FA from adipose TAGs enter into the brain

A

they are attached to albumin and can’t cross the blood brain barrier but dietary FA can cross using specific transporters

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15
Q

types of molecules that can freely cross the blood brain barrier

A

small uncharged molecules and non polar substances through passive diffusion; essential FA and vitamins, proteins

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16
Q

why do some hydrophobic drugs pass slower than expected into the brain

A

because they attach to albumin and hence stay longer in the blood and can’t cross the BBB (ex: phenobarbitol)

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17
Q

why are amino acids that are neurotransmitters blocked from entry into the brain

A

brain synthesizes its own neurotransmitters (separation of somatic pool from neural pool)

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18
Q

treatment for Parkinson’s

A

L-DOPA

19
Q

objective of DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor given with L-DOPA

A

to keep levels of L-DOPA in circulation high enough so that it may cross the blood brain barrier

20
Q

multi-layered membrane sheath around axons that speed action potential

A

myelin

21
Q

two major proteins in myelin sheath

A

proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein

22
Q

condition where there is progressive destruction of CNS myelin

A

Multiple Sclerosis

23
Q

cause of multiple sclerosis

A

an autoimmune reaction but not sure what triggers it …possibly combination of a lot of things

24
Q

symptoms of MS

A

weakness, lack of coordination, loss of vision, fatal

25
Q

gaseous neurotransmitters CO and NO stimulate synthesis of…

A

cGMP

26
Q

main excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate and aspartate

27
Q

main inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

glycine and GABA

28
Q 
these amino acids are precursors of what neurotransmitter
Tyr
Trp
His
Glu
A

Tyr –> catecholamines
Trp –>serotonin –>melatonin
His –> histamine
Glu –>GABA

29
Q

decarboxylation of an amino acid involves cofactor

A

B6 (PLP)

30
Q

glutamine synthesized from…

A

glutamate and NH4 in astroglial cells

31
Q

importance of the GABA shunt

A

converts GABA into a TCA cycle intermediate in few steps

32
Q

epilepsy can be treated with…

A

GABA analogs or drugs that block GABA reuptake from synapse

33
Q

benzodiazepines (valium) bind to GABA receptors. why?

A

potentiates GABA –> reducing anxiety

34
Q

PCP (phenyclidine) is an antagonist of…

A

NMDA (glutamate) receptor

35
Q

PE is methylated to PC by..

A

SAM (S-adenosyl methionine)

36
Q

B12 is needed for

A

regenerate Met and then more SAM to form choline, needed for neurotransmitters, phospholipids

37
Q

TPP needed for

A

PDH complex, alpha ketoglutarate DH, BCAA DH

38
Q

what is deficient in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (Beri Beri)

A

thiamine

39
Q

beri beri common in what population

A

chronic alcoholics

40
Q

causative agent of Prion disease

A

misfolded protein

41
Q

if BSE (mad cow disease in bovine) is transmitted to humans, it is called?

A

new variant CJD (vCJD)

42
Q

difference between PrP and PrPsc

A

difference in tertiary structure –conformational shape change

43
Q

Alzheimer’s is a result of

A

inappropriate accumulation of proteolytic fragments from the beta-amyloid precursor protein hence build up of tau protein

Vanessa Biochem Post Midterm (13 decks)

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