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Human Body for Nursing > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS control?

A

spinal cord + brain

Integration; command center
• Interpret incoming sensory information
• Issues outgoing instructions

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2
Q

What does the PNS control?

A

everything else

Serve as communication lines among:
- sensory organs,
- brain and spinal cord, 
- glands
- muscles

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3
Q

What is functional output?

A

sensory input vs motor output

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4
Q

subdivisions of nervous system?

A

anatomically + physiologically

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5
Q

What is part of the anatomical nervous system?

A

CNS, PNS

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6
Q

what is part of the physiological system?

A

sensory (afferent) vs motor (afferent)

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7
Q

What causes MS?

A

voluntary/somatic disorders

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8
Q

Parts of the glia cell?

A

astrocyte
ependymal cell
microglia
oligodendrocytes (CNS)/schwann cells (PNS)

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9
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

from blood brain barrier (BBB) + filter out toxins from blood

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10
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

form CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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11
Q

what do microglia do?

A

phagocytosis for bacteria

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12
Q

what do oligodendrocytes/schwann cells do?

A

from myelin sheath (white matter) that surrounds and insulates neurone and allow them to conduct impulses at a faster rate

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13
Q

What does nervous tissue contain?

A

neurons

neuroglia

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14
Q

what do neurons do?

A

conduct electrical impulses (do not divide in adult life)

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15
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

support, protect and insulate nerve cells (continue to divide throughout adult life)

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16
Q

What does the axon do?

A

moves impulses away from the cell

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17
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

move impulses to nerve cell (receptive)

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18
Q

How is a nerve impulse delivered?

A
  1. dendrite receives message
  2. nerve impulse moves down
  3. axon terminal receives impulse and sends message to next nerve cell in line
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19
Q

path of nerve impulse?

A

dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> terminal

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20
Q

what is the gap between two nerve cells called?

A

synapse

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21
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

subdivision of the ANS is fight-flight (releases epinephrine, adrenaline)

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22
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest (releases acetylcholine ACH)

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23
Q

functional organization?

A

only PNS

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24
Q

structural organization?

A

CNS + PNS

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25
Q

forebrain (L/R cerebral hemispheres)

A

include frontal,parietal,occipital,temporal lobes

includes cerebral cortex and is responsible for:

motor skills
perception
thinking
memory
speech
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26
Q

diencephalon includes?

A

thalamus + hypothalamus and epithalamus

thamalus: relay station for sensory input
hypothalamus: regulates autonomic functions (body temp, water balance, metabolism, appetite, sex drive/libido)

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27
Q

brain stem includes?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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28
Q

thamalus

A

relay station for sensory input

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29
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates autonomic functions (body temp, water balance, metabolism, appetite, sex drive/libido)

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30
Q

midbrain

A

reflex center for vision/hearing

31
Q

pons

A

controls breathing

32
Q

medulla

A

regulates vital visceral activity (HR, BP, breathing, swallowing, sneezing)

33
Q

cerebellum

A

control of motor skills + balance

34
Q

What surrounds the CNS?

A

CSF

35
Q

Characteristics of CSF

A

similar to plasma, less protein, rich in ascorbic acid, different Na and K ions.

36
Q

if RBC present in CSF what does that mean?

A

can indicate meningitis, tumours, ms

37
Q

What is the BBB

A

blood brain barrier

maintains constant environment in the brain

only allows water, amino acids and sugar to pass through

38
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs for head + neck

described by name, number, course and function

include sensory + motor function

ex: optic nerve

39
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs, each nerve divides into dorsal + ventral ramifications

40
Q

what controls the sleep/wake cycle

A

reticular formation

41
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system thoracic-lumbar subdivision release?

A

epinephrine (speeds up system)

42
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system cranial-sacral subdivision release?

A

ACH on effectors (slows down system)

43
Q

characteristics of sympathetic nervous system?

A

increase HR, BP, glucose in blood, dilates arrays, reduces blood to digestive, decrease salivation, dilates pupils, sweating, increases metabolic rate and fat breakdown, increases blood to muscles, far vision

44
Q

characteristics of parasympathetic nervous system?

A

increases activity in digestive tract, constricts airways, salivation, near vision, decreases HR, BP

45
Q

three main functions of nervous system?

A

sensory, integrative, motor

46
Q

sensory functions?

A

detect different types of
stimuli, both within body and outside body. Sensory (or afferent) neurons carry sensory information (from receptor) to brain and spinal cord.

47
Q

The nervous system is responsible for all our?

A

– behaviors,
– memories,
– movements

48
Q

Integrative function?

A

Nervous system integrates (processes)

sensory info and makes decisions for appropriate responses. Many interneurons are involved in this function.

49
Q

Motor functions?

A

Involves responding to integrative decisions. Motor
neurons (or efferent) carry info from brain and spinal cord to other nerves or effector organs.


50
Q

Sensory (afferent) division?

A

– Nerve fibers that carry information to the central

nervous system

51
Q

• Motor (efferent) division?



A

– Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

Two subdivisions
• Somatic nervous system = voluntary – Consciously controls skeletal muscles
• Autonomic nervous system = involuntary
– Automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
– Further divided into the sympathetic (stress: fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest & digest) nervous systems


52
Q

neuroglia functions (CNS)?

A
  • Support
    – Insulate
    – Protect neurons
53
Q

Astrocytes functions (CNS)?

A

– Abundant,star-shapedcells
– Controlthechemicalenvironment
-Formbarrierbetweencapillaries and neurons of the brain
– Stabilize/brace neurons

54
Q

most abundant and versatile neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes

55
Q

Microglia functions (CNS)?

A

– Spiderlike phagocytes
– Dispose of debris
-defend CNS cells

56
Q

Ependymal cells functions (CNS)?

A

– Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
– Cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (formed by choroid plexus = spongy blood vessels in ventricles of brain)

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes functions (CNS)?

A

– Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system – Produce myelin sheaths (similar to Schwann cells in PNS)

58
Q

Satellite cells functions (PNS)?

A

– Protect neuron cell bodies (similar to astrocytes of CNS)

59
Q

Schwann cells functions (PNS)?

A

– Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

60
Q

Neurons = nerve cells?

A

– Cells specialized to transmit messages

– Major regions of neurons

61
Q

Cell body (aka Soma)?

A

—nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
• Processes (ex. dendrites)
—fibers that extend from the cell body

62
Q

Cell body?

A 
– Nissl bodies/substance
• Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum
 • Site of protein synthesis
Neurofibrils
• Intermediate cytoskeleton 
• Maintains cell shape
– Nucleus with large nucleolus

63
Q

Dendrites?

A

—conduct impulses toward the cell body • Neurons may have hundreds of dendrites

64
Q

Axons?

A

—conduct impulses away from the cell body
• Neurons have only one axon arising from the cell body at the axon hillock
– End in axon terminals (aka terminal buttons)
– Axon terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
– Axon terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap


65
Q

Synaptic cleft?

A

—gap between adjacent neurons

66
Q

Synapse?

A

—junction between nerves

– ex. one nerve synapses with the other, neurotransmitters are transmitted across the synaptic cleft

67
Q

Myelin sheath?

A

—whitish, fatty material covering axons

68
Q

Schwann cells?

A

— produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll- like fashion around axons (PNS)

69
Q

Nodes of Ranvier?

A

—gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
– Oligodendrocytes
—produce myelin sheaths around axons of the CNS

70
Q

Sensory(afferent)neurons?

A

– Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS
• Cutaneous(skin)senseorgans
• Proprioceptors—detect stretch or tension

71
Q

Motor(efferent)neurons?

A

– Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera,

muscles, or glands

72
Q

Interneurons (association neurons)?

A

– Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system – Connect sensory and motor neurons

73
Q

All neurons exhibit?

A

(i) Irritability
– Ability to respond to stimuli
(ii) Conductivity
– Ability to transmit an impulse (aka action potential)

Human Body for Nursing (10 decks)

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