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FNP Advanced Pathophysiology > Skeletal and Muscle Systems Part 1 > Flashcards

Skeletal and Muscle Systems Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the Skeletal System

A
  • Forms the body
  • Supports tissues
  • Permits movement by providing points of attachment for muscles
  • Site of blood cell formation
  • Mineral storage (especially Calcium)
  • Rigid connective tissue
  • Constituents
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Ground substance
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2
Q

Bone is an Organ

A
  • bone tissue (connective tissue classification)
  • cartilage tissue (connective)
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • blood (connective)
  • nerve tissue
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3
Q

Bone Structure

A

A. Parts of a long bone
1. Epiphyses at both ends
covered with articular cartilage; articulates w/ bone
2. Diaphysis - shaft
3. Periosteum covering
4. Compact bone - strength and resists bending
5. Spongy bone - strength with weight reduction
6. Medullary cavity - red or yellow marrow

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4
Q

Bone Structure

A

B. Microscopic structure

  1. CORTICAL or Compact bone has osteons cemented together
  2. Osteonic canals with blood vessels
  3. Intracellular matrix of collagen & inorganic salts (Ca, Mg, K, Carbonate, Na)
  4. Spongy cells nourished by diffusion from thin bony plate surfaces
  5. Osteocytes
  6. Osteoblasts
  7. Osteoclasts
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5
Q

Osteoblasts- Modeling bone cells

A 
– Derived from mesenchymal cells
– Produce type I collagen
– Respond to parathyroid hormone
– Produce osteocalcin
– assist in calcification
– Synthesize osteoid
• Nonmineralized bone matrix
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6
Q

Osteocytes

A

– A transformed osteoblast that is surrounded in osteoid as it hardens from deposited minerals
– i.e. - mature bone cells (calcified matrix surrounding osteoblasts)

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7
Q

Osteoclast

A

• cells to break down the calcified matrix
• The major reabsorptive cell of the bone
• produce acids to solubilize salts
• Large, multinucleated cells
• digest organic matrix
– Contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes

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8
Q

Bone Matrix

A
  • 35% organic and 65% inorganic
  • Collagen fibers
  • Calcium and phosphate minerals
  • Proteoglycans
  • Glycoproteins
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9
Q

Nerve Supply Bone

A
  • sparse
  • periosteum
  • afferent sensory
  • sympathetic efferent
  • dilation of bone
    • blood vessels
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10
Q

Bone Blood Supply

A
  • small bones single artery and vein
  • chief is Principle Nutrient artery
  • internal branches
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11
Q

Bone Tissue:

Compact (Cortical) bone

A

– 85% of the skeleton
– Haversian system
• Haversian canal, lamellae, lucunae, osteocyte, and canaliculi

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12
Q

Bone Tissue:

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

– Lack haversian systems

– Trabeculae

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13
Q

Bone Tissue:

Periosteum

A
  • See textbook
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14
Q

Homeostasis of Bone

A

Constant modeling and remodeling

3 - 5% bone calcium exchanged each year

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15
Q

Bone Remodeling

A 
• Bone-remodeling units
• Repairs microscopic injuries and maintains bone integrity
• Phases
– Activation of the remodeling cycle
– Reabsorption
– Formation of new bone
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16
Q

Factors Affecting Bone Growth (Formation)

A
  • Calcium, Phosphorus
  • Parathyroid Hormone
  • Vitamin D
  • Calcitonin
  • Sex Hormones
  • Growth Hormone
  • Weight bearing
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Vitamins A and C
17
Q

Calcium, Phosphorus

A
  • plasma and interstitial fluid
    -osteoblasts
  • calcium salts precipitate on collagen fibers
    -hydroxyapatite crystals
    - crystalline structure of
    bone mineralization
  • GI absorb
    -Vit D and PTH
    -PTH and calcitonin
  • phosphorous absorb with Ca
18
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

 GI absorb Ca
 promotes formation osteoclasts
 retards formation of osteoblasts
 increase tubular reabsorb of Ca and decrease same of PO4

19
Q

Vitamin D (Vit D2 and Vit D3)

A

 diet and skin + UV
 Vit D2 and D3 same metabolism and bio. act.
 D2/D31,25[OH]2D3 = active form
 control GI Ca absorb

20
Q

Calcitonin

A

-hypercalcemia stimulus
-thyroid gland
-reduce bone reabsorption
 - decreases osteoclast and increases osteoblast

21
Q

Sex Hormones

A
  • estrogen stim osteoblast
  • testosterone increase bone thickness and epiphyseal closure
    - low test –> osteoporosis
22
Q

Growth Hormone

A

N/A

23
Q

Weight Bearing

A
  • Stimulates osteoblast activity

- electrical potential ?

24
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Protein breakdown - bone collagen
25
Q

Vitamins A and C

A

N/A

26
Q

Factors that Retard Bone Formation

A 
Estrogen/androgen deficiency
Vitamin deficiency
Starvation
Diabetes
Steroids
Inactivity/Immobility
Heparin
Excess parathyroid hormone
27
Q

Bone Mass across the Life Span

A
  • Peaks in third decade
  • Stable until approx 50 yrs women
  • Stable until approx 60 yrs men
  • Slowly declines (1% per year)
  • Women accelerated after menopause for a few years (2-3% year)
  • Men decline more slowly
28
Q

Why bone mass decrease with age?

A

• Net bone loss:

Because rate of resorption of old bone is faster than deposition of new bone.

29
Q

Why the Sex Differences ?

A
  • Men initial bone mass is more, so takes longer for the decline to lead to disease
  • Men begin decline later than women
  • Men do not have menopause
30
Q

What is a Joint?

Articulations

A
  • functional junctions between bones
  • classified by type of tissue
  • —fibrous
  • —cartilaginous
  • —-synovial
  • classified by degree of movement
  • —-synarthroses: immovable
    amphiarthroses: slightly movable
    diarthroses: freely movable
31
Q

What is a Joint?

A 
A. Fibrous joints
B. Cartilaginous joints
C. Synovial joints
1. ball-and-socket
2. condyloid
3. gliding joints
4. hinge joint
5. pivot joint
6. saddle joint
32
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • bones in close contact
  • thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
  • no movement: e.g. skull
  • limited move: e.g. leg - between tibia and fibula
33
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

-connect two bones with discs of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
-disc:
—band of fibrous tissue surrounding gelatinous core
—absorb shock and equalize pressure
- limited movement: Vertebrae

34
Q

Synovial

A

-synovial membrane - lubrication
-free movement: e.g. knee
-complicated structure
bursae - fluid sacs shock absorb
menisci - fibrocartilage

35
Q

Ligaments and Tendons

A

See next cards

36
Q

Ligaments

A

viscera to viscera
bone to bone
stability
connective tissue

37
Q

Tendons

A

extension of muscle/connective tissue
attach muscle to bone or other tissue
receive innervation
poor blood supply

FNP Advanced Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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