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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > 4th exam-Nervous and Endocrine system > Flashcards

4th exam-Nervous and Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system functions to

A
  • communicate with and regulate other body systems
  • maintain homeostasis
  • works in conjunction with endocrine system
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2
Q

rapid, brief responses (action potentials and neurotransmitters)

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

slow, prolonged response (hormones)

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

functions of the nervous system

A 
perception 
memory
emotion
voluntary movements
behavior
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5
Q

three basic components of nervous system function

A

sensory function
integrative function
motor function

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6
Q

sensory function

A
  • detect internal and external stimuli

- sensory information carried to spinal cord and brain via sensory neurons

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7
Q

integrative function

A
  • process sensory info (analysis, integration, and storage [memory])
  • association neurons (inter-neurons)
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8
Q

motor function

A
  • respond appropriately to sensory info

- response info carried to effectors (muscles and glands) via motor neurons

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9
Q

nervous system structures

A 
brain 
cranial nerves 12
spinal cord
spinal nerves 31
ganglia
enteric plexuses
sensory receptors
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10
Q

the two divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)

- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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11
Q

components of central nervous system - cns

A

brain

spinal cord

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12
Q

components of peripheral nervous system - pns

A

cranial nerves (& their branches)
spinal nerves (& their branches)
ganglia
sensory receptors

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13
Q

the 3 subdivisions of the Peripheral nervous system PNS

A

-somatic nervous system SNS
-Autonomic nervous system ANS
-Enteric nervous system ENS
….each has a sensory and motor component

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14
Q

Somatic nervous system SNS

A
  • sensory neurons from “organs, body wall, limbs, etc
  • motor neurons leading to skeletal muscle (voluntary control)
  • soma = body
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15
Q

Autonomic nervous system ANS

A
  • sensory neurons from “visceral organs”
  • motor neurons leading to smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands (involuntary control)
  • auto = self; nomic = law
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16
Q

Enteric nervous system ENS

A
  • enteric plexuses of gastrointestinal tract (involuntary)
  • sensory neurons from GI tract
  • motor neurons leading to smooth muscle and glands of GI tract
  • enter = intestines
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17
Q

Nervous tissue consist of

A
  • neurons, that “generate action potentials”, “electrically excitable”
  • neuroglia, support, nourish, and protect neurons
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18
Q

neurons and excitable cells respond to stimuli by

A

generating a nerve impulse (action potential)

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19
Q

an electrical signal that propagates (travels) along neuron in one direction (dentrite –> axon)

A

action potential

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20
Q

typical neuron consists of these 4 parts

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • telodendria
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21
Q

cell body includes

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • typical organelles
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22
Q

Dendrites have

A
  • multiple nerve fibers (often short and branched)

- input portion of the neuron (receives signals from environment or from another cell)

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23
Q

Axons include

A
  • single nerve fiber
  • output portion of the neuron (delivers signal to other cell)
  • often long and branched only at end “telodendria”
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24
Q

Telodendria

A
  • end in synaptic terminals

- neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles within synaptic terminals

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25
Q

consists of: one axon

& several dendrites

A

multi-polar neurons

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26
Q

consists of : one axon and one main dendrite

A

bi-polar neuron

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27
Q

consists of: -sensory neruons,

-axon and dendrite fuse before meeting cell body

A

uni-polar neruon

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28
Q

consists of: -more than 2 process

-axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites

A

anaxonic neuron

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29
Q

relay sensory information from sensory recepters or sensory cells to CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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30
Q

relay motor information from CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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31
Q
  • link sensory and motor neurons witin the CNS

- integrate (process) incoming sensory information and elicit appropriate motor response

A

interneurons (assonciation neurons)

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32
Q

-support, nourish and protect neurons

A

neuroglia

33
Q

CNS includes ____ diff types of neuroglial cells

A

4 types

  • astrocyte
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cell
34
Q
  • support neurons
  • maintain blood-brain barrier
  • maintain appropriate chemical environment around neurons
A

Astrocyte

35
Q

produces and maintains myelin sheath around CNS axons

A

oligodendrocytes

36
Q

phagocytize microbes and damaged nervous tissue

A

microglia

37
Q
  • lines ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

- produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cell

38
Q

PNS includes ___ diff types of neuroglial cells

A

2 types

  • satellite cells
  • schwann cells
39
Q

surround cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia

-support and exchange of materials

A

satellite cells

40
Q

encircle axons of neurons in PNS producing a myelin sheath

A

Schwann cell

41
Q
  • axons of some neurons are myelinated

- covered by a myelin sheath

A

myelination

42
Q
  • composed of lipids and proteins

- electrically insulates the axon (prevents generation of action potentioal)

A

myelin sheath

43
Q

myelination of PNS axons

A
  • myelin sheath produced and maintained by Schwann cell
    1. as it develops, schwann cells wrap around axon
    2. portion of plasma membrane of schwann cell that wraps around the axon is the myelin sheath
44
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

45
Q

the two types of tissue in the CNS

A
  • white matter

- grey matter

46
Q

composed of mainly myelinated axons

A

white matter

47
Q

composed mainly of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

A

Grey matter

48
Q

axons of neurons are often bundled together forming

A
  • nerves

- tracts

49
Q

bundles of axons located in the PNS

A

nerves

50
Q

bundles of axons located in the CNS

A

tracts

51
Q

resting membrane potentials exist because

A

there is a high concentration of Na+ outside of a cell

  • Na+/K+ pumps in plasma membrane actively transport out of cell
  • there are few Na+ leakage channels in plasma membrane
52
Q

production of electrical signals depend on

A
  • existence of a resting membrane potential

- presence of specific ion channel

53
Q

electrical signals are due to

A

flow of ions across the plasma membrane via ion channels

54
Q

___ allow specific ions to cross the plasma membrane

A

ions channels

55
Q

movement of ions creates flow of

A

electrical current that changes resting membrane potential

56
Q

leakage channels

A
  • randomly open and close
  • more K+ leakage channels than Na+ channels
  • plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
57
Q

open in response to specific chemical stimulus including: vibration, pressure, tissue stretching
-found in sensory receptors

A

mechanically gated channels

58
Q
  • open in response to change in membrane potential (voltage)

- participate in generation and propagation of action potentials

A

voltage gated channels

59
Q

neurons produce what two types of electrical signals

A
  • grated potentials
  • action potentials
  • graded potential triggered 1st may be followed by action potential
60
Q
  • small deviation from the resting potential due to movement of ions
  • vary in amplitude depending on strength of stimuli
  • are local, mainly dendrites and cell body of neuron
A

Graded potentials

61
Q

a series or rapid events that take place in two phases

A

action potential

62
Q

what are the 2 action potential phases

A
  • depolarization phase

- repolarization phase

63
Q

action potential triggered when

A

depolarization reaches a certain threshold (*-55mV) due to a depolarizing graded potential
-amplitude of action potential is always the same

64
Q

generation of action potentials defined by what 5 steps

A
  1. depolarization to threshold
  2. activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization
  3. inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channesl
  4. closing of potassium channels
  5. after hyperpolarizing phase
65
Q

Summary of repolarizing phase

A

Inside of cell becomes negatively charged again (repolarized) (-70mV)
Fast-acting Na+ channels become inactivated
Slow-activating K+ channels open

66
Q

Summary of depolarizing phase

A

Inside of cell becomes positively (+30 mV)

Fast-acting Na+ channels open

67
Q

Period during which excitable cell cannot generate another action potential

A

Refractory period

68
Q

Type of refractory period where:
Na+ channels require time to return to resting state before they can open again
No amount of stimulus can generate a second action potential
Ensures that action potential moves in a single direction

A

Absolute refractory period

69
Q

Type of refractory period where:
K+ channels are open
Second action potential can be generated if stimulus is larger than normal

A

Relative refractory period

70
Q

When and where is the action potential generated?

A

at a specific point on the plasma membrane, not across entire plasma membrane at once

71
Q

Movement of cation potential long neuron:

  • From trigger zone
  • Typically at junction of cell body and axon
  • To axon terminals
A

Propagation

72
Q

Type of propagation that has step-by-step polarization and repolarization of each region of the axon:

  • Action potential at one point stimulates generation of action potential at next point
  • Slow rate of propagation
  • Occurs in unmyelinated axons
A

Continuous propagation

73
Q

Type of propagation in which:
Few Na+ and K+ channels under the myelin sheath
Action potential cannot be generated there
Action potentials “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next
Much more rapid propagation than continuous conduction

A

Saltatory propagation

74
Q

A neuron that sends signal (synapses)

A

Pre synaptic neuron

75
Q

A neuron that receives signal

A

Post synaptic neuron

76
Q

Two types of synapses

A

Electrical synapse

Chemical synapse

77
Q

Type of synapse where action potential conducted directly from cell to cell via gap junctions and allows for faster communication and greater synchronization among cells

A

Electrical synapse

78
Q

Type of synapse where:

  • Pre- and post- synaptic cells are separated by a synaptic cleft (Filled with interstitial fluid)
  • Action potential conducted across synaptic M indirectly via neurotransmitters
A

Chemical synapse

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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