Final Part 2

Question 1

Lymphatics

Answer 1

importance in exercise

-minimizes fluid loss in interstitial tissue and maintain plasma volume

Question 2

Blood Volume

Answer 2

55% Plasma
45% Erythrocytes
<1% Leukocytes

Question 3

How much of Blood Volume is Plasma?

Answer 3

55-60%

Question 4

Over 90% of Plasma is water

Answer 4

with dissolved proteins (7%) and nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, antibodies, and wastes (3%)

Question 5

What happens to plasma volume during exercise

Answer 5

exercise in heat can decrease plasma volume by 10-20%

Question 6

What happens to PV as a training adaptation?

Answer 6

Endurance training and/or heat acclimatization can increase plasma volume by ~10%

Question 7

Hematocrit

Answer 7

% of total blood volume that consists of formed elements or RBCs (~40-45)

Question 8

Half Life of Platelets

Answer 8

10 days

Question 9

4 stages of clot formation

Answer 9

1. Vascular spasms
2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Formation of Blood Clot
4. Growth of fibrous tissue into blood clot to close hole and vessel and retraction of clot

Question 10

and size of RBCs

Answer 10

• outnumber WBCs 1000:1 and much larger

- 5 million RBC/mm3 blood

Question 11

Erythropoiesis

Answer 11

RBCs produced exclusively in bone marrow via erythropoiesis

Question 12

Structure and Carrying Capacity of Hemoglobin

Answer 12

1 Globin molecule and 4 heme groups

• each heme group contains 1 Fe++, which can bind 1 O2 molecule
• oxyhemoglobin
• 1 RBC has ~250 million Hemoglobin. 1 RBC can carry~ 1 billion O2 molecules
• Each gram of Hemoglobin can carry 1.33 ml O2

Question 13

Causes of Polythemia

Answer 13

training and altitude

Question 14

Causes of Anemia

Answer 14

• hemorrhage
• low iron intake
• increase RBC destruction triggered by rigors of increased circulation
• increase body temperature-“foot strike hemolysis”

Question 15

Blood viscosity-training adaptation

Answer 15

typically with aerobic training, RBCs increase but with a concomitant and slightly greater increase in Plasma Volume

RESULT: slightly low hematocrit with an high RBC count. Allows optimal facilitation of O2 transport because low viscosity allows freer flow and less strain on vessel walls, yet you have more RBCs for O2 transport

Question 16

Resting HR

Answer 16

Normal: 60-100 bpm
Tachycardia: >100 bpm, commonly observed in diseased populations
Bradycardia: <60 bpm, most common in aerobically trained, but may occur as result of certain injuries/ diseases
Aerobic training decrease RHR, mostly due to increase PNS stimulation and decrease SNS stimulation to heart

Question 17

Pre-Exercise

Answer 17

Anticipatory Response: changes in physiological parameters in response to anticipation of upcoming activity
-decrease in PNS stimulation and increase SNS stimulation and increase E/NE release to increase both HR and contractive force

don’t take pre-exercise HR as true as RHR

Question 18

Exercise

Answer 18

increasing intensity and steady state

HRmax=220-age

Question 19

Influence of Age on Exercise HR

Answer 19

younger highly aerobically trained persons exhibit lower HR max than age-predicted value, but older highly aerobically trained persons exhibit higher HRmax than age-predicted value

HR max. Not affected much by training. If anything, decreases with training

Question 20

What factors affect SV?

Answer 20

deccrease TPVR (due to vasodilation), mainly during low body exercise, increase SV

Question 21

What happens to SV during exercise?

Answer 21

SV increases from rest up to 50% VO2 Max, then plateaus

Question 22

What happens to SV as an adaptation to training?

Answer 22

SV increases from rest up to maximal activity

Question 23

Recumbent vs upright (SV)

Answer 23

venous return not resisted by gravity in horizontal position, so SV in recumbent position is much higher than in upright position

Question 24

Cardiac Output

Answer 24

• Q increases in direct linear proportion to exercise intensity
• up to 40-60% VO2max, increase in Q due to increase in both HR and SV
• at higher exercise intensities, increase in Q mostly from HR, since SV has plateaued or is only slowly increasing

Question 25

BP depends on

Answer 25

diameter of vessel

volume of blood flowing through vessel per unit time

Question 26

Arm vs. Leg

Answer 26

Legs: Large muscles mass at work means large decrease in TPVR as vessels in legs dilate
Arms: smaller muscle mass at work, less decrease in TPVR
-Thus, for same relative workload (same Q), arm exercise results in larger increase in BP than leg exercise

Question 27

RPP

Answer 27

HR * SBP

Question 28

MAP

Answer 28

TPVR * Q

Question 29

LVH Dimensions

Answer 29

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

• due to pathological conditions OR
• normal adaptation to training- “athletes heart”
• both endurance and resistance training cause LVH
• –expressed in terms of relative body mass. endurance athletes have greater LVH than resistance athletes
• endurance training also causes an increase in LV dimensions (size of chamber)
• —due to increase PV

Question 30

Summary of CV Adaptations

Answer 30

1. LVH
2. increase LV dimensions
3. increase PV (~10%)
4. increase RBC count
5. slightly decrease hematocrit
6. decrease RHR
7. decrease exercise HR for a given sub maximal intensity
8. decrease HR recovery period
9. decrease HRmax
10. increase resting SV
11. incerase exercise DV for a given sub maximal intensity
12. increase SV max
13. increase Q max
14. decrease Q for a given sub maximal intensity
15. decrease resting BP
16. decrease exercise BP for a given sub maximal intensity
    - detraining quickly reverses adaptations