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M2M section 4 wk 1 > cilia B > Flashcards

cilia B Flashcards

1
Q

two classes of cilia

A
  1. motile

2. sensory

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2
Q

most motile cilia also possess ___

A

sensory function

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3
Q

Motile cilia are required for the _____.

A

movement of fluid

in the respiratory, neural, and reproductive tracts

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4
Q

Motility is produced by _____

A

axonemal dynein dependent sliding motion between the doublet microtubules of the ciliary
axoneme

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5
Q

Motile cilia typically have a _____ arrangement

A

9+2 microtubule

with 9 doublet microtubules organized around a central pair of singlet microtubules.

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6
Q

Not all motile cilia

have the _____

A

central pair microtubules (e.g. Nodal Cilia possess a 9+0 arrangement but still beat).

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7
Q

The distinguishing factor between motile and immotile cilia is the presence of
_____

A

axonemal dynein arms between the doublet microtubules.

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8
Q

Non-motile, sensory or

primary cilia possess a _____ arrangement and lack _____

A

9+0 microtubule

axonemal dynein arms

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9
Q

why are cilia used for cell signaling?

A
  1. cilum concnetrates the signal with a high receptor surface to volume ratio
  2. signal is localized
  3. signal is polarized
  4. receptors are positioned away from the interfering cellular domains
  5. cilium can function as a mechanical detector of flow
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10
Q

Cilia can sense:

A
  1. physical stimuli
  2. light
  3. chemical stimuli
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11
Q

physical stimuli includes:

A 
1. mechanical strainchemical stimuli (hormones, chemokines, growth factors, and
morphogens)
2. temperature
3. osmolality
4. gravity
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12
Q

chemical stimuli includes:

A
  1. hormones
  2. chemokines
  3. growth factors
  4. morphogens
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13
Q

chemical or physical stimuli and light can produces an ____

A

array of downstream events including:

  1. cellular proliferation
  2. cellular motility
  3. polarity
  4. growth
  5. differentiation
  6. tissue maintenance
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14
Q

The ______ signaling pathway is well established to signal through cilia.

A

hedgehog (Hh)

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15
Q

Activation and repression of the target of the _____ requires cilia.

A

Hh paracrine signaling pathway (Gli(glioma tumor) transcriptional activator)

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16
Q

Additional signaling pathways, like _____ function through cilia

A

Wnt, PDGF, FGF

17
Q

Both motile and immotile cilia are important for _____

A

development and tissue homeostasis.

18
Q

In the case of Hh signaling, downstream targets facilitate:

A
  1. Limb formation
  2. Bone formation and homeostasis
  3. Neurogenesis
19
Q

Both ciliary-based motility and signaling are required for the vast list of developmental
and tissue homeostasis functions that include:

A
  1. Tissue and cellular polarity
  2. Organogenesis
  3. Tissue patterning (neural and limb pattern)
  4. Bone formation
  5. Cell fate specification
  6. Eye development
  7. Left-right axis determination (laterality)
  8. Craniofacial development
  9. Neural tube formation
  10. Retinal degeneration (Degenerative)
  11. Tubule formation (kidneys, liver, pancreas)
  12. Renal cystic disease (Degenerative)
20
Q

An example of the coordinated efforts of both motile and sensory cilia function during
development is the _____

A

ciliary node that establishes the left-right asymmetry of the body
plan (laterality)

21
Q

The ciliary node is an ____

A

invagination of ciliated cells that forms during gastrulation on the midplate after anterior-posterior positioning is already established

22
Q

Nodal cilia possess a ____ The signals are then detected by _______.

A

9+0 organization yet they beat in a rotary fashion (at 600 rpm!) to produce a net leftward flow of signaling molecules / morphogens.

non-motile sensory cilia that reside near the periphery of the ciliary node to
signal organogenesis

23
Q

Clinical abnormalities associated with ciliopathies:

A
  1. Cystic kidneys
  2. Nephronophthisis
  3. Obesity
  4. Polydactyly
  5. Retinal degeneration
  6. Amnosia
  7. cancer/tumorogenesis
  8. urinary tract malformation
  9. cognitive impairment
  10. diabetes mellitus
  11. infertility
  12. occiptial meningoencephalocoel
  13. microphthalmia
  14. lung hypoplasia
  15. renal hypodysplasia or dysplasia
  16. bile duct dilation
  17. situs inversus
24
Q

Cystic kidneys

A

– Multilumen formation and growth of fluid filled cysts.

25
Q

Nephronophthisis

A

– Progressive renal damage

26
Q

Polydactyly

A

– Postaxial polydactyly with an extra digit on the ulnar side of hand or foot.

27
Q

Retinal degeneration

A

– Deterioration of retina

28
Q

amnosia

A

loss of olfaction

29
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

– Type 2 diabetes develops from obesity

30
Q

Occipital meningoencephalocele

A

– Neural tube defects with hernial protrusion of the brain material

31
Q

Microphthalmia

A

– Small eye developmental disorder

32
Q

lung hypoplasia

A

incomplete lung development

33
Q

renal hypodysplasia or dyplasia

A

abnormal or missing kidney fornmation

34
Q

bile duct dilation

A

progressive dilaiton of the bile duct

35
Q

situs inversus

A

left-right laterally defects to random organ position

M2M section 4 wk 1 (12 decks)

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