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Pathology > Fungi & Parasites > Flashcards

Fungi & Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

what is the study of fungi called

A

mycology

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2
Q

what type of organisms are fungi

A

eukaryotic organisms

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3
Q

fungi are eukaryotic organisms that do not contain..

A

chlorophyll

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4
Q

fungi are eukaryotic organisms that contain..

A

cell walls
filamentous structures
&
produce spores

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5
Q

how many species of fungi are there

A

more than 100,000

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6
Q

how many fungi species are known to be pathogenic for man

A

300

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7
Q

what is the fungal structure similar to

A

bacteria, as has a cell wall and organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosomes

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8
Q

list the types of fungal species

A
  • moulds (damp walls, bread, cheese)
  • yeast (single cell organism, baking bread, alcohol brewing)
  • higher fungi (mushrooms)
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9
Q

what is the name of filaments which most fungi form

A

hyphae

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10
Q

what are hyphae surrounded by

A

cell wall made of polysaccharides (and may show cross walls/septa)

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11
Q

what is a colony of hyphae referred to as

A

a mycelium

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12
Q

why are lots of anti fungal drugs toxic to human tissues

A

human cells synthesis protein & DNA similar to fungi

fungi are eukaryotic cells and antibiotics do not effect eukaryotic cells but do effect prokaryotic cells

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13
Q

what are individual cell types/units of hyphae

A

septa

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14
Q

what do cross membranes form

A

septa

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15
Q

which species exists in yeast and hyphae stages (dimorphic/two separate stages)

A

candida albicans

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16
Q

what is candida

A

a yeast-like fungus commonly occurring on human skin, in the upper respiratory alimentary & female genital tracts (thrush & infestations of mouth)

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17
Q

what does candida of the upper respiratory alimentary indicate

A

someone who is immuno suppressed

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18
Q

what does fungal effects of the mucous membrane cause

A

thrush

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19
Q

what are the three types of mycotic diseases

A
  1. hypersensitivity - an allergic reaction to moulds and spores, can inhale fungal spores and develop respiratory disease or allergy to fungi
  2. poisoning - due to fungal toxins eg mushrooms
  3. infection - gets into tissue an causes harm
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20
Q

what is the result of the mycotic disease, hypersensitivity

A

an allergic reaction to moulds and spores, can inhale fungal spores and develop respiratory disease or allergy to fungi

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21
Q

what is the cause of the mycotic disease, poisoning

A

due to fungal toxins eg mushrooms

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22
Q

what is the result of the mycotic disease, infection

A

gets into tissue an causes harm

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23
Q

what is the fungal infection of athletes foot

A

superficial mycoses (caused by damp places)

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24
Q

what is the fungal infection of a fungal nail infection

A

subcutaneous mycoses

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25
Q

what is the fungal infection of ring worm skin infection

A

systemic mycoses

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26
Q

what is the fungal infection of oral thrush

A

opportunistic mycoses (infections with organisms of low virulence e.g. AIDS, immunosuppressed)

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27
Q

what can systemic mycoses occur due to

A

inhaled fungal spores or deep trauma

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28
Q

give examples of systemic mycoses

A
  • aspergillus

- pneumocystis carini

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29
Q

what does pneumocystis carini cause

A

pneumonia due to immuno suppression, so cannot fight off

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30
Q

how can inhaled fungal spores be treated

A

it is a mast cell mediated disease and treated with anti histamines

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31
Q

why is the cellular machinery both similar in fungi and mammal

A

as both are eukaryotic

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32
Q

what will most substances which may impair the invading fungus usually have serious side effects on

A

the host

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33
Q

what targets are impaired by substances which also impair the invading fungus

A

membrane sterols
&
ergosterols

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34
Q

give examples of anti fungal substances

A
  • terbinafine - nail infection
  • amphoteracin - oral or genital thrush
  • nystatin - oral or gential thrush
  • fluconazole - gential thrush
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35
Q

why is a superficial condition easy to cure

A

can apply drug on the infection

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36
Q

what is the definition of a parasite

A

an organism that obtains food and shelter from another organism and derives benefits from this association

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37
Q

what is the organism that harbours the parasite

A

the host

38
Q

what is the definitive host

A

the host in which the parasite lives its adult and sexual stage

39
Q

what is the intermediate host

A

the host in which a parasite lives as the larval stage

40
Q

what is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection and what is it known as

A

an insect

known as the vector

41
Q

which country is fungal keratitis more common in

A

india, due to climate

42
Q

what are the three classifications of parasites

A
  • protozoa eg toxoplasma species
  • helminths eg toxocara species (worms)
  • arthopods eg ticks
43
Q

what do arthopod parasites live in in the eye

A

eyelash follicles which cause inflammation e.g. blepharitis

44
Q

what does protozoa comprise

A

a number of diverse groups of unicellular microorganisms

45
Q

how large is protozoa

A

from 5um to 1mm (large)

46
Q

where do most protozoa live

A

water and are parasites of a range of species

47
Q

what do all protozoa have mechanisms of

A

locomotion via flagella, cilia or pseudopodia

48
Q

what can protozoa form

A

cysts helping them to survive in the environment for a long time

49
Q

what are protozoa divided into 4 groups based on

A

mobility

50
Q

list the 4 groups of protozoa and name examples

A
  1. mastigophora
    - giardia (tropical intestinal infection)
    - trichomonas
  2. sarcodina/rhizopodia
    - acanthamoeba (eye disease)
    - entamoeba
  3. sporozoa
    - plasmodium
    - toxoplasma (eye disease)
  4. ciliata
    - balantidium
51
Q

what are acanthamoeba

A

free living amoebae

52
Q

where are acanthamoeba found

A

everywhere

most prevalent in soil, fresh water and other habitats

53
Q

what two things can acanthamoeba be

A

opportunistic
or
non-opportunisitic

54
Q

what three syndromes can the acanthamoeba genu cause

A
  1. granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
  2. disseminated granulomatous amoebic disease (e.g. skin, sinus and pulmonary infections)
  3. amoebic keratitis
55
Q

how many stages does the acanthamoeba life cycle consist of and what are they

A

two

  1. an actively feeding stage called, trophozoite
  2. a dormant cyst
56
Q

what do trophozoites feed on

A

bacteria, yeast, algae and cells

57
Q

in which ways can acanthamoeba enter humans

A
  • through the eye
  • through nasal passages to the lower respiratory tract
  • through ulcerated broken skin
58
Q

what is seen in the early stages of acanthamoeba kerititis

A

eye appears to look fine but corneal nerve can be seen inflamed in the surroundings, px experiences severe pain

59
Q

what is the outcome for a px with acanthamoeba kerititis which has not been treated

A

no treatment is possible, not even a corneal graft and no potential for vision

60
Q

what do acanthamoeba trophozoite feed on

A

micro-organisms in biofilms

61
Q

how do acanthamoeba trophozoite detect prey

A

by chemotaxis

62
Q

what are the prey items usually which acanthamoeba trophozoite feed on

A

bacteria

63
Q

what is toxoplasmosis caused by

A

the protozoa, toxoplasma gondii

64
Q

how many people in the UK have been infected with T.gondii

A

7-34% however most would not have experienced the symptoms

65
Q

when can toxoplasmosis be a dangerous and potentially fatal disease

A

toxoplasmosis encephalitis (brain infection) in immunocompromised patients

66
Q

what can a pregnant woman do to cause toxoplasmosis

A

congenitally infect her child

67
Q

what can the life cycle of toxoplasma only be completed in

A

cats (definitive hosts) thar excrete resistant oocysts in their faeces

68
Q

what type of animal can oocysts (eggs) of toxoplasma infect

A

virtually all warm blooded animals

69
Q

how can infection by oocysts of toxoplasma occur

A

either directly by ingesting substances contaminated with cat faeces
or
indirectly by ingesting undercooked infected meat if species which have themselves become infected from cats

70
Q

what is the appearance of the tacyzoite form of toxoplasma

A

crescent shaped
2-3um wide & 5-7um long
usually found in intracellular clusters of 8 to 32 parasites

71
Q

what is the name of cystic dormant toxoplasma

A

oocysts

72
Q

what is the name of toxoplasma in its feeding stage

A

tachyzoite

73
Q

what type of infection is toxoplasmosis

A

protozoal, self limiting infection

74
Q

what sign does congenital ocular toxoplasmosis cause

A

pigmentation of the retina

75
Q

what will happen if congenital ocular toxoplasmosis forms on the macula

A

will effect vision

76
Q

what will happen if congenital ocular toxoplasmosis forms on the periphery of the retina

A

nothing. px will not know about it

77
Q

what three groups do the helminths of man belong to

A
  1. nematodes (round worms)
  2. cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. trematodes (flukes)
78
Q

which group of helminths is associated with the eye

A

nematodes (round worms)

79
Q

what is toxocara canis

A

a roundworm parasite of dogs and foxes

80
Q

how long can the eggs of the toxocara canis parasite survive for in the environment

A

many years

81
Q

how can humans & generally children acquire toxocara canis eggs

A

by ingesting soil
by direct contact with dogs (usually puppies)
or by consumption of uncooked or undercooked food contaminated with eggs, possibly transmitted by flies

82
Q

how does toxocara canis get into the soil

A

by dog/fox faeces

83
Q

what is visceral toxocariasis

A

the migration of larvae through the internal organs of humans

84
Q

what does the migration of larvae through the internal organs of humans caused by visceral toxocariasis cause in the body

A

inflammatory reaction

85
Q

what symptoms can visceral toxocariasis cause

A
  • hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of liver & spleen)
  • fever
  • respiratory signs
  • pallor
  • skin lesions
  • neurological manifestations eg convulsions
86
Q

what is ocular toxocariasis

A

migration of larvae into posterior segment of the eye

87
Q

when does ocular toxocariasis tend to occur

A

in older children and young adults

88
Q

what are the signs of ocular toxocariasis

A
  • decreased vision
  • red eye
  • leukocoria (white appearance of the pupil)
89
Q

list the ages and corresponding number (%) of toxocara cases between 1989-2002 in the UK

A
  • less than one year - 4 (1%)
  • 1-4 years - 73 (25%)
  • 5-14 years - 64 (22%)
  • 15-24 years - 28 (10%)
  • 25-44 years - 45 (16%)
  • 45-64 years - 29 (10%)
  • 65 years and over - 19 (7%)
  • age not recorded - 26 (9%)
90
Q

what can be the result of toxocara canis on the retina

A

a full thickness macular granuloma

worm eventually dies but damage is done

91
Q

which region of the macula does toxocara canis mainly effect

A

the periphery

can rarely effect the macula, a large central scotoma & will have peripheral vision

Pathology (20 decks)

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