3.1 - 3.8 (including 3.1 And 3.8)

Question 1

Tell me about the proportion of people living in urban areas over time

Answer 1

In 1945 less than 1/3 of the worlds population lived in cities/ urban areas

By 2008 more people lived in urban areas than in rural

Expected 2/3 of people will live in urban areas by 2030

Question 2

What’s the CBD

Answer 2

Central business district

Question 3

What’s urban growth

Answer 3

The increase in the total population of a town or city

Question 4

What’s urbanisation

Answer 4

The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban centres

Question 5

What’s urban expansion

Answer 5

The increase in size of geographical foot print of a city

Question 6

Urban centres are important in …

Answer 6

Human affairs

Question 7

4 reasons urban centres are important

Answer 7

Organisation of economic production, eg concentration of financial services

The exchange of ideas and creative thinking, eg universities

Social and cultural centres eg theatres and national stadia

Centres of political power and decision making eg seat of government

Question 8

Do all cities follow the cycle of urbanisation

Answer 8

All cities r different but they do broadly all follow 4 stages of growth and change

In most cities in HICs all four processes are taking place at the same time, although it is likely that for a period of time one process will dominate

In LICs, urbanisation continues to be the main urban process but many Asian cities are already beginning to show the effects of suburbanisation and even counter urbanisation.

Question 9

Name the four stages / forms of urbanisation

Answer 9

Urbanisation, suburbanisation,

Urban resurgence, counter urbanisation

Question 10

What’s urbanisation

Answer 10

The first stage of the cycle

It’s the increase in the proportion of a country’s population living in a town or city

Question 11

Whats suburbanisation

Answer 11

This is the 2nd stage

The decentralisation of people, employment and services towards the edges of an urban area

This outward growth of lower density urban development, or urban sprawl, is closely linked to the development of transport networks, particularly roads and in London - the extension of the underground network

Question 12

What’s counter urbanisation

Answer 12

This is the 3rd stage

Population movement from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas - people move as a combined result of the push problems of the city (crime, congestion, land degradation) and the pull of rural life (eg bigger living space, safer environment)

Question 13

What’s urban resurgence

Answer 13

The 4th stage

Population movement from rural back to urban areas. Associated with upwardly mobile young people, including couples and also university students who are pulled to the centre of the “24 hour city”. This influx of youth and new wealth encourages a revival of some inner city and CBD areas. This is the fourth population movement and completes a cycle of rural- urban movements

Question 14

What’s the order of the areas in the city starting with the centre part

Answer 14

CBD(centre business district) , inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs, rural - urban fringe

Question 15

Does the cycle of urbanisation steps have to occur in order

Answer 15

No they may occur concurrently (out of order) and are not all necessarily features of all cities of all cities in all places

Question 16

What does the urbanisation curve show

Answer 16

Shows the generalised experience of urbanisation in countries

I don’t know if you need to know this lol

Question 17

What happened to uk in 1960s and 70s with urbanisation

Answer 17

car ownership allowed the population to be more mobile so suburbanisation occurred dominantly

Question 18

What’s an example of urban resurgence

Answer 18

Ubisoft Montreal

Question 19

Tell me about Ubisoft Montreal as an example of urban resurgence

Answer 19

Ubisoft argue their employees work at all hours and it is important that they locate in the create of a 24 hour city where employees had good access to shops and services

Ubisoft argue many of their 2700 employees walk or cycle to work from city centre neighbourhoods

Ubisoft, unlike manufacturing industries of the last century, needs relatively little floor space - only need laptops or pcs and can therefore afford the higher downtown land prices

Question 20

What is a mega city

Answer 20

City regions or agglomerations with populations of over 10 million are referred to as mega cities and are at the top of the urban hierarchy

Question 21

Tell me about the traditional urban hierarchy

Answer 21

At the top: conurbation, city, large town, small town, village, hamlet, isolated dwelling

As you go to the top, the size increases of settlement, higher population and more services, decrease is frequency

Question 22

What’s a conurbation

Answer 22

An extended urban area, typically consisting of serveral towns merging with the suburbs of a central city

Question 23

How has growth of mega cities changed?!

Answer 23

In 1970, only 3 megacities existed

In 2014 number had increased to 28

Question 24

What do United Nations forecast about urban population projections

Answer 24

Forecast a 1.1 billion increase in urban population by 2030 - approx 95% of this growth is expected to be in LICs and NEEs by further expansion of megacities

Question 25

Where are the majority of world cities

Answer 25

In HICs - these world cites are not necessarily largest in population but are disproportionately important in the global economy

Question 26

Tell me about the ranks of world cities

Answer 26

The globalisation and world cities research network have looked at the economic interconnectedness of global cites. The most interconnected cites eg London and New York are given the highest ranks and are called alpha cities, beta cities are second and gamma cities are third

Question 27

What’s the GaWC

Answer 27

The globalisation and world cities research network

Question 28

How do world cities contribute to economic growth

Answer 28

Cities are where most economic growth happens,, world cities drive regional, national and global economies, support prosperity and create jobs Interconnecting world cites act as funnels for economic growth. This growth then flows to other regions or cites, that in turn act as centre of further economic growth and so on

Question 29

Are all world cites growing

Answer 29

No, not all world cites are growing eg New York’s population has actually been declining in recent years as the so called middle classes have moved to the suburbs and beyond

Question 30

How has technology countered urbanisation

Answer 30

Technology has also played a role as a counter force to urbanisation, some LIC countries where urbanisation is most rapid are unable to stimulate economic growth. This is partly due to an underinvestment in infrastructure, but also reflects a lack of skilled workers and entrepreneurs

Question 31

World cities are “hubs” or funnels of ....

Answer 31

Blah economic activity

Question 32

How are world cites hubs for production

Answer 32

While most manufacturing and production of goods takes place in NEEs and LICs, top down decision making is often made by TNCs whose headquarters are frequently located in world cites

Question 33

How are world cites hubs for business, transport and trade

Answer 33

globalisation has reinforced the strong connections between world cites and the rest of the world Today the worlds largest TNCs locate in world cites and exploit the economic knock on effects However, the ripple effect of the global recession of 2007 illustrates that so called multiplier effects can be both positive and negative

Question 34

How are world cites centres of Political decision making

Answer 34

The leaders of some world cites influence trading and economic links between counties - the mayors of London and NY promote their cites globally, cities also need the right policies to support economic growth, without resolving transport and crime issues, addressing crime or promoting enterprise and educations - a city is unlikely to succeed

Question 35

How are world cites hubs for migration

Answer 35

As the largest economic centres, world cities also attract large numbers of migrant workers. While many workers are unqualified, the flows of flatiron attract the most wealthy and qualified. They are able to take advantage of the globalised flows or info and communication

Question 36

What makes world cites so productive

Answer 36

General rule, city productivity increases with size because more able, creative and educated workers are pulled into cites. And also because the productivity of an individual increases with city size - thus is part of what economists call agglomeration economies

Question 37

What are agglomeration economies

Answer 37

It’s the idea that the presence of many people, services, industry and so on in a small area has productivity gains Eg in a densely populated area, there are reduced costs for moving goods, labour can be pooled between different firms and ideas flow more quickly

Question 38

How does governance contribute to the success of world cites

Answer 38

World cities particularly succeed because of good governance structures. where fragmentation of administration exist, such as in some megacities, barriers to productivity emerge, such as lack of coordination and management or transport networks, land use and infrastructure

Question 39

What’s fragmentation of administration

Answer 39

Basically the failure of governance

Question 40

What’s deglomeration

Answer 40

The movement of activity, usually industry away from agglomerations