3.1 Cardiopulmonary Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
Coronary Arteries
A
the arteries that supply blood to the heart
2
Q
Left Coronary Artery (Left Main)
A
supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle
3
Q
Left Anterior Descending Artery
A
the largest coronary artery supplying over 50% of the blood to the heart. It branches from the left main coronary artery, which carries oxygenated blood to the left front side of your heart.
4
Q
Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) is also known as the
A
Anterior interventricular branch
If it becomes block it is known as the Widow Maker
5
Q
Circumflex Artery
A
Branches off the left coronary artery and surrounds the heart; supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart
6
Q
Right Coronary artery
A
supplies blood to the right ventricle; right atrium and sinoatrial node (SA)and atrioventricular node (AV)
7
Q
SA node
A
Sinoatrial node; pacemaker
8
Q
AV node
A
Atrioventricular node; electrical conduction of the heart
9
Q
What muscle type is responsible for pumping blood from the heart.
A
Cardiac Muscle
10
Q
What muscle type found in veins are responsible for contracting and dilating to regulate blood flow?
A
Smooth Muscle
11
Q
What muscle type helps fill blood vessels by contracting?
A
Skeletal Muscle
12
Q
See Pic page 5
A
13
Q
Varicose veins
A
swelling of superficial veins usually in the legs
14
Q
the arteries that supply blood to the heart
A
Coronary Arteries
15
Q
supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle
A
Left Coronary Artery (Left Main)
16
Q
the largest coronary artery supplying over 50% of the blood to the heart. It branches from the left main coronary artery, which carries oxygenated blood to the left front side of your heart.
A
Left Anterior Descending Artery
17
Q
Branches off the left coronary artery and surrounds the heart; supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart
A
Circumflex Artery
18
Q
supplies blood to the right ventricle; right atrium and sinoatrial node (SA)and atrioventricular node (AV)
A
Right Coronary Artery
19
Q
What is the structure of an artery
A
Thick, elastic, muscular walls
20
Q
What is the structure of a vein
A
Thin walls with few elastic fibers
21
Q
Capillary gas exchange
A
one cell thick allowing gas to passthrough
22
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
the system responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying CO2 and other waste products away from the body
23
Q
Heart rate
A
A measure of Cardiac activity usually expressed in numbers of beats per minute
24
Q
Pulse
A
The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction
25
Blood Pressure
the pressure that blood exerts upon the walls of blood vessels especially arteries
26
what is blood pressure measured with
Sphygmomanometer and expressed in mm Hg
27
Systolic Pressure
Pressure in the arteries when the body undergoes systole
28
Systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
29
Diastole
the relaxation and dilation of the chambers of the heart and especially the ventricles during which they fill with blood
30
Diastolic Pressure
Pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes and the chambers fill with blood
31
Sphygmomanometer
An instrument used for measuring blood pressure especially arterial blood pressure
32
Cardiac Output
A measure of how much blood is pumped by both ventricles in one minute
33
Heart Rate
A count of how many times the heart beats in a minute; quantified BPM
34
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood being pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat; Quantified as ml per beat
35
Average Stroke Volume
75 ml/ beat
36
Blood Pressure
Normal
Prehypertension
Hypertension 1
Hypertension 2
Hypertension Crisis
120/80 or less
120-129/80
130-139/80-89
140/90 or higher
180/120
37
Pulse points in the body
Carotid
Femoral
brachial
radial
ulnar
popliteal
dorsalis pedis
38
ABI Page 10
39
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Narrowing or blocking of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs maybe the first warning sign of atherosclerosis
40
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)
Systolic pressure at the ankle divided by the systolic pressure in the arm
41
Thick, elastic, muscular walls
Structure of Artery
42
Thin walls with few elastic fibers
Structure of vein
43
the system responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying CO2 and other waste products away from the body
Cardiovascular System
44
The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction
Pulse
45
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
Systole
46
the relaxation and dilation of the chambers of the heart and especially the ventricles during which they fill with blood
Diastole
47
A measure of how much blood is pumped by both ventricles in one minute
Cardiac output
48
Narrowing or blocking of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs maybe the first warning sign of atherosclerosis
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
49
Electrocardiogram
A measurement of heart electrical activity
50
P-R Interval
Time from the beginning of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex measured in ms/s
51
QRS Complex
time from the Q defection to the S deflection measured in ms/s
the ventricles depolarize and prepare to contract the atria polarize but can't be seen on EKG as QRS complex masks repolarization
52
Q-T Interval
time from the Q defection to the end of the T wave measured in ms/s
53
Systolic Pressure
Pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes systole (heart contractions)
54
S-T Interval shows
When the ventricles contract (pumping blood)
55
T Wave
Ventricles repolarize and relax
56
P Wave
when the atria are full of blood the SA node fires sending an electrical signal throughout the atrium causing them to depolarize and contract
57
PQ Segment
Signal travels from the SA node to the AV node (AV node fires)
58
see page 15
59
AED (Automated External Defibrillator)
Used to shock the heart back into rhythm
60
consequences of untreated heart arrhythmia
stroke, heart failure cardiac arrest
61
see page 18. 19. 20,21
62
Role of nose
filter air by trapping dirt and microbes in mucous and hair; also warms the air
63
Role of Pharynx and Trachea
passage way through which air moves to the lungs
64
Larynx
voice box; sits on top of the trachea; Adam's Apple
65
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Bring air from the trachea into the lungs; Bronchi branch into bronchioles
66
Alveoli
Thin-walled air sacs that extend from the bronchioles and are wrapped in capillaries; the place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
67
Diaphragm
A muscle that moves down when contracted to allow the lungs to expand; and moves up when relaxed to push air from the lungs
68
A measurement of heart electrical activity
Electrocardiogram
69
Time from the beginning of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex measured in ms/s
P-R Interval
70
time from the Q defection to the S deflection measured in ms/s
the ventricles depolarize and prepare to contract the atria polarize but can't be seen on EKG as QRS complex masks repolarization
QRS Complex
71
time from the Q defection to the end of the T wave measured in ms/s
QT Interval
72
Pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes systole (heart contractions)
Systolic Pressure
73
When the ventricles contract (pumping blood)
S-T Interval
74
Ventricles repolarize and relax
T Wave
75
when the atria are full of blood the SA node fires sending an electrical signal throughout the atrium causing them to depolarize and contract
P Wave
76
Signal travels from the SA node to the AV node (AV node fires)
PQ Segment
77
Used to shock the heart back into rhythm
AED
78
filter air by trapping dirt and microbes in mucous and hair; also warms the air
Nose
79
passage way through which air moves to the lungs
Pharynx and Trachea
80
voice box; sits on top of the trachea; Adam's Apple
Larynx
81
Bring air from the trachea into the lungs; Bronchi branch into bronchioles
Bronchi and Bronchioles
82
Thin-walled air sacs that extend from the bronchioles and are wrapped in capillaries; the place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
Alveoli
83
A muscle that moves down when contracted to allow the lungs to expand; and moves up when relaxed to push air from the lungs
Diaphragm
84
Diffuse
the net movement from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration
85
Lung disease is the number __________ killer in the US when lumped together.
3
86
Do the lungs have skeletal muscle?
No, movement of the diaphragm is what moves air in and out of the lungs
87
spirometry
A test that measures how well your lungs are working by measuring how much air you can inhale and exhale.
88
what is a normal O2 volume
95%-100%
89
Tidal volume (TV)
the volume of air breath in and out without conscious effort
90
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration
91
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
92
Vital capacity (VC)
the total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
TV + IRV + ERV
93
Residual Volume (RV)
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forcible expiration exhalation
94
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
VC + RV
Exhaled after max inhalation + volume after air after max exhalation
95
Peak flow meter
device to monitor how open the airways are
96
Flow Rate
volume of air moved in a given amount of time; another measure to evaluate how well air is moving in and out of the lungs
97
FEVI
Greater than 80%
60%-79%
40%-59%
less than 40%
Forced Expiratory Volume
normal
mild obstruction
moderate obstruction
severe obstruction
98
the net movement from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration
Diffuse
99
A test that measures how well your lungs are working by measuring how much air you can inhale and exhale.
Spirometer
100
the volume of air breath in and out without conscious effort
Tidal Volume (TV)
101
the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration
Inspiratory Volume Reserve (IVR)
102
the total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
TV + IRV + ERV
Vital Capacity
103
the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
Expiratory Volume Reserve
104
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forcible expiration exhalation
Residual Volume
105
VC + RV
Exhaled after max inhalation + volume after air after max exhalation
Total Lung Capacity
106
device to monitor how open the airways are
Peak Flow Meter
107
volume of air moved in a given amount of time; another measure to evaluate how well air is moving in and out of the lungs
Flow Rate
108
Hyperventilate
rapid or deep breathing that disrupts the O2/CO2 balance; can be a result of anxiety, panic, or stress
109
Red Blood Cells
Cells that transport oxygen around the body;
Normal:
Male: 4.0-5.9 x10 6 mcl
Female: 3.8-5.2 mcl
110
Total Cholesterol
The total amount of cholesterol in the body. Can help show the risk for heart disease. Total should be less than 200 mg/dl
111
LDL
"Bad" lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells; should be below 100 mg/dl; higher numbers could indicate a higher risk of heart disease
112
HDL
"Good" lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream transporting it to the liver; should be above 60 mg/dl; lower number could indicate a risk of heart disease
113
Tryglycerides
higher levels are linked with a higher heart disease risk; normal levels are 150 mg/dl or less
114
Empathy
understanding and experiencing the feelings of another person
115
Cognitive empathy
understanding another's feelings by seeing their perspective
116
Emotional Empathy
literally feeling the emotions of others
117
Compassionate empathy
understanding someone else's pain and experiences, but following those feelings with action
118
Altitude sickness
becoming sick due to unusually low O2 levels in the air
119
symptoms of altitude sickness
Shortness of breath
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Rapid heart rate
Insomnia
Severe symptoms may include:
Skin discoloration-blue, pale or grey
Shortness of breath at rest
Confusion
Decreased consciousness
Not being able to walk in a straight line
Chest tightness
Coughs with bloody mucus
Dizziness/giddiness
119
Pulmonary edema
Decrease lung function causing less oxygen getting to the alveoli; this can change brain function
120
rapid or deep breathing that disrupts the O2/CO2 balance; can be a result of anxiety, panic, or stress
Hyperventilation
121
"Bad" lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells; should be below 100 mg/dl; higher numbers could indicate a higher risk of heart disease
LDL
122
"Good" lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream transporting it to the liver; should be above 60 mg/dl; lower number could indicate a risk of heart disease
HDL
123
higher levels are linked with a higher heart disease risk; normal levels are 150 mg/dl or less
Tryglycerides
124
understanding and experiencing the feelings of another person
Empathy
125
understanding another's feelings by seeing their perspective
Cognitive Empathy
126
literally feeling the emotions of others
Emotional Empathy
127
understanding someone else's pain and experiences, but following those feelings with action
Companionate Empathy
128
becoming sick due to unusually low O2 levels in the air
Altitude Sickness
129
Prions
Infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins; cause misfolding of proteins
130
Examples of Prions
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Kuru
131
viruses
nonliving submicroscopic infective agents that typically compromise a RNA or DNA core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat; they require a host in which to replicate
132
Examples of Viruses
Rabies
Ebola
Polio
Variola
Influenza
133
Bacteria
A single celled prokaryotic microorganism
134
Protists
a microscopic eukaryotic cell usually unicellular in the subkingdom Protozoa
135
Fungi
saprophytic and parasitic spore producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll
examples molds, rusts mildews, smut, mushrooms and yeast
136
Fungi examples
molds, rusts mildews, smut, mushrooms and yeast
137
Helminths
A large eukaryotic, multicellular parasitic worm such as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid or leach
138
Pathogen
a disease causing organisms
139
Epidermis
the top layer of skin that provides a barrier, makes skin and gives color
140
Dermis
the middle layer of skin that contains collagen and elastin, grows hair, makes oil and sweat, and contains blood vessels and nerve endings
141
Subcutaneous fatty tissue
the bottom layer of the skin consisting of fat that cushions muscles and bones and helps to regulate body temperature
142
Sepsis
Body's immune system overreacts to an infection causing inflammation
143
Inflammation
a localized physical condition in which part of the body become redden, swollen, hot and often painful; usually a reaction to injury or infection
144
Severe Sepsis
organs in body begin to malfunction (shut down); blood pressure drops and inflammation continues
145
Septic Shock
Extremely low blood pressure that does not respond to IV fluids; organ shut down
146
Lymph Nodes
small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed
147
Lymph
a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
148
Infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins; cause misfolding of proteins
Prion
149
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Kuru
examples of prions
150
nonliving submicroscopic infective agents that typically compromise a RNA or DNA core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat; they require a host in which to replicate
Viruses
151
Rabies
Ebola
Polio
Variola
Influenza
Examples of viruses
152
A single celled prokaryotic microorganism
Bacteria
153
a microscopic eukaryotic cell usually unicellular in the subkingdom Protozoa
Protist
154
saprophytic and parasitic spore producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll
examples molds, rusts mildews, smut, mushrooms and yeast
Fungi
155
A large eukaryotic, multicellular parasitic worm such as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid or leach
Helminths
156
a disease causing organisms
Pathogen
157
the top layer of skin that provides a barrier, makes skin and gives color
Epidermis
158
the middle layer of skin that contains collagen and elastin, grows hair, makes oil and sweat, and contains blood vessels and nerve endings
Dermis
159
the bottom layer of the skin consisting of fat that cushions muscles and bones and helps to regulate body temperature
Subcutaneous fatty tissue
160
Body's immune system overreacts to an infection causing inflammation
Sepsis
161
a localized physical condition in which part of the body become redden, swollen, hot and often painful; usually a reaction to injury or infection
Inflammation
162
organs in body begin to malfunction (shut down); blood pressure drops and inflammation continues
Severe Sepsis
163
Extremely low blood pressure that does not respond to IV fluids; organ shut down
Septic Shock
164
small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed
Lymph nodes
165
a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymph
166
Functions of the Lymphatic system
maintain balance of fluids
absorption of fat from the intestines
enhancement of immune system
167
Lymph Nodes
Glands in the immune system that usually enlarge in response to infection or cancer
168
Bone Marrow
produces both RBC and WBC
169
Liver
Contributes to immune defense by collecting and eliminating foreign compounds from the large volume of blood that passes through
170
Tonsils
help to stop germs entering the body through the mouth and nose contains WBC
171
Thymus
helps in development in T- Cells
172
See pg 43
173
Spleen
filters the blood of foreign cells and old RBC in need of replacement
174
Lymphatic vessels
Tube-like structures that carry fluid away from the tissues to deliver it back into the blood circulation
175
Platelets
assist in blood clotting
176
RBC (Erythrocytes)
Hemoglobin rich cell that transport O2 rich blood; give blood it's color and have no nucleus
177
WBC
no hemoglobin; have a nucleus; active in immune response
178
Types of WBC
Lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
leucocytes
179
Innate Immunity
Non-specific immune defense mechanism; born with
180
Acquired immunity
specific immune defense; acquired over a lifetime;
181
Types of Acquired Immunity
Active: after infection
Passive: from mother
182
Antigen
anything that stimulates an immune response
183
B-Cells
type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies
184
antibodies
protein produced by B-Cells in the blood; work to impair pathogens also called immunoglobulin
185
Prodromal
Early signs or symptoms that precede the onset of a disease
185
convalesce
get better after illness
186
B lymphocytes
A type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies
187
T lymphocytes
Recognizes and attacks cells infected with foreign pathogens or cancer
188
produces both RBC and WBC
Bone Marrow
189
maintain balance of fluids
absorption of fat from the intestines
enhancement of immune system
Function of the lymphatic system
190
Glands in the immune system that usually enlarge in response to infection or cancer
Lymph nodes
191
Contributes to immune defense by collecting and eliminating foreign compounds from the large volume of blood that passes through
Liver
192
help to stop germs entering the body through the mouth and nose contains WBC
Tonsils
193
helps in development in T- Cells
Thymus
194
filters the blood of foreign cells and old RBC in need of replacement
Spleen
195
Tube-like structures that carry fluid away from the tissues to deliver it back into the blood circulation
Lymphatic Vessels
196
assist in blood clotting
platelets
197
Hemoglobin rich cell that transport O2 rich blood; give blood it's color and have no nucleus
RBC
Erythrocytes
198
no hemoglobin; have a nucleus; active in immune response
WBC
199
specific immune defense; acquired over a lifetime;
Acquired immunity
200
anything that stimulates an immune response
antigen
201
type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies
b-cell
202
protein produced by B-Cells in the blood; work to impair pathogens also called immunoglobulin
Antibodies
203
Early signs or symptoms that precede the onset of a disease
Prodromal
204
get better after illness
Convalesce
205
A type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies
b lymphocytes
206
Recognizes and attacks cells infected with foreign pathogens or cancer
t lymphocytes
207
