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metabolic processes > 3.1 metabolism and energy > Flashcards

3.1 metabolism and energy Flashcards

1
Q

what is energy

A

ability to do work

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2
Q

Living organisms must _________, _________ and _________
energy

A

capture, store, and use

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3
Q

ATP is produced by

A

mitochondria (in eukaryotes)

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4
Q

Metabolism:

A

sum of the chemical
reactions taking place (catabolic and anabolic reactions)

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5
Q

2 types of energy

A

Kinetic, potential

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6
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

a result of motion

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7
Q

Potential Energy:

A

stored within an object;
depends on location and/or chemical
structure

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8
Q

2 types of potential energy

A

Chemical potential (electrons and protons)
Gravitational potential (distance from Earth)

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9
Q

First law of thermodynamics (“Law of Energy Conservation”)

A

Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed; it can only be changed from
one form to another

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10
Q

Example of 1st law of thermodynamics

A

Light energy comes from the sun

Converted to chemical energy by green plants

Stored in plant cells as carbs

Passed on to other organisms when they eat the plants

Converted to other forms: mechanical, thermal, sound…

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11
Q

Energy conversion depends on:

A

breaking and
re-forming chemical bonds

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12
Q

Electrons have more potential energy the
_______ they are from the nucleus

A

farther

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13
Q

True or false: electrons
can be attracted to multiple nuclei at the
same time = chemical bond!

A

True

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14
Q

bonds break: energy is _______

A

absorbed

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15
Q

bonds formed, energy is _________

A

released

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16
Q

A measure of the strength or stability of a
covalent bond is _________

A

bond energy

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17
Q

bond energy

A

amount of energy released per mole when bonds form

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18
Q

Activation energy (Ea)

A

energy required to begin the reaction

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19
Q

True or false: every reaction requires energy to start, even if it produces energy

A

True

20
Q

Transition state

A

when bonds are broken and new ones are ready to be formed

21
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

net release of energy

22
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

net absorption of energy

23
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Every time energy is converted to
another form, some of the useful energy
becomes unusable and increases the
entropy of the universe

24
Q

Entropy

A

degree of disorder in a
system

25
Q

True or false: All systems in the universe tend towards entropy

A

True

26
Q

Entropy is in chemical rxns, usually associated with _________________

A

particles breaking down (solid -> liquid -> gas)

27
Q

True or false: Entropy also decreases when # product molecules > # reactant molecules

A

False. Entropy also increases when # product molecules > # reactant molecules

28
Q

Living cells can create order by:

A

expending energy

29
Q

Spontaneous Changes

A

One that will continue to occur on its own once it has started

30
Q

Non-spontaneous change

A

requires continual energy input

31
Q

Need to look at ____________________ to determine spontaneity

A

energy changes, entropy, and temperature

32
Q

Since rxns aren’t 100% efficient, whatever energy remains to do work is known as _____________

A

free energy

33
Q

Free energy is represented with

A

G after Josiah Willard Gibbs

34
Q

exergonic

A

ΔG is negative (nrg released)

35
Q

endergonic

A

ΔG is positive (nrg absorbed)

36
Q

spontaneity of exergonic

A

spontaneous

37
Q

spontaneity of endergonic

A

non-spontaneous

38
Q

True or false: Cells continuously carry out thousands of rxns (coupled reactions)

A

True

39
Q

True or false: endergonic rxns release free energy, which can be
used to make exergonic rxns happen

A

False. Exergonic rxns release free energy, which can be
used to make endergonic rxns happen

40
Q

spontaneity of coupled reactions

A

spontaneous because combined, the rxns have negative G

41
Q

Catabolic:

A

complex molecules broken down,
releasing energy (- G)

42
Q

example of catabolic rxn

A

cellular respiration

43
Q

Anabolic

A

simple molecules combined, consuming
energy (+ G)

44
Q

example of anabolic reaction

A

photosynthesis

45
Q

True or false: All living things perform activities that increase the free energy available

A

True

46
Q

Examples of activities that increase free energy available

A

movement, growth, repair, reproduction

47
Q

A continual supple of energy is required for living things, what does this energy come from?

A

ATP

metabolic processes (4 decks)

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