310 Test 2

Question 1

Acepromazine maleate

Answer 1

Tranquilizer

Question 2

Azaperone (stresnil)

Answer 2

Tranquilizer

Question 3

Diazepam (valium)

Answer 3

Tranquilizer

Question 4

Zolazepam

Answer 4

Tranquilizer

Question 5

Xylazine hydrochloride

Answer 5

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist. Reversal is yohimbine.

Question 6

Medetomidine hydrochloride

Answer 6

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist. Reversal is tolazoline.

Question 7

Ketamine hydrochloride

Answer 7

Dissociative agent (cyclohexane)

Question 8

Tiletamine

Answer 8

Dissociative agent (cyclohexane)

Question 9

Etorphine

Answer 9

Opioid/narcotic. Reversal with diprenorphine.

Question 10

Carfentanil citrate

Answer 10

Opioid/narcotic. Reversal with naltrexone/naloxone/narcan.

Question 11

Thiofentanil oxalate

Answer 11

Opioid/narcotic

Question 12

Tranquilizer

Answer 12

Calming, incoordination, does not cause anesthesia or analgesia. Suppresses vomiting.

Question 13

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

Answer 13

Depresses CNS, can cause anesthesia and analgesia at high doses. Can kill at high doses via respiratory failure. Commonly used in livestock.

Question 14

Dissociative agent (cyclohexanes)

Answer 14

Separates conscious mind from sensory and motor control. Causes rapid analgesia and anesthesia. Does not depress CNS. Commonly used with alpha 2 or tranquilizers.

Question 15

Opioids/narcotics

Answer 15

Powerful analgesia, large doses cause anesthesia and CNS depression, high dose can kill via respiratory failure. Federal permit required.

Question 16

Common drug combos

Answer 16

Ketamine/xylazine. Telazol. BAM.

Question 17

Ketamine/xylazine

Answer 17

Capture All 5. Ket does not depress CNS, xylazine reduces convulsions and rigidity. Dissociative/alpha 2.

Question 18

Telazol

Answer 18

Tiletamine (dissociative agent) and zolazepam (tranquilizer). Predictable in carnivores like bears, also used on reptiles and birds. No reversal, federal permit required.

Question 19

BAM

Answer 19

Butorphanol (opiate), azaperone (tranquilizer), medetomidine (alpha 2). Used on ungulates and carnivores. Smooth and short induction time, low volumes needed. Reverse with naltrexone, atipamezole, or tolazoline.

Question 20

Anesthetic gases

Answer 20

Metathane, halthane, isoflurane.

Question 21

If human exposure to drugs

Answer 21

Call 911 - a wildlife biologist has been exposed to a veterinary anesthetic called __.

Question 22

Whole blood

Answer 22

Purple top tube, has an anticoagulant to prevent clotting. Used when blood cells are required. When spun this produces plasma.

Question 23

Serum

Answer 23

Red top or tiger top tube. No anticoagulant in tube, blood will clot. Remaining yellowish liquid is serum. Used for chemical, mineral, hormonal blood work.

Question 24

Non destructive

Answer 24

Doesn’t kill the animal.

Question 25

Non invasive

Answer 25

Animal isn't aware of the collection. Capture images, DNA (hair), tracks and signs.

Question 26

Non destructive DNA collection

Answer 26

Blood (high quality DNA), tissue (high quality DNA), saliva or mucus (lower quality than previous two).

Question 27

Non invasive DNA collection

Answer 27

Scat (low quality DNA), dead tissue (low quality DNA) - bone, shed skin, eggshells. Hair (low quality DNA), feathers (low quality DNA).

Question 28

Camera trapping

Answer 28

Can typically tell species, age, sex, marked animals, behaviors. Spatial distribution, trails vs random placement, baited vs unbaited.

Question 29

Census

Answer 29

Total count of animals in the study area. Only works with limited areas and fewer, visible animals in open spaces.

Question 30

Estimate

Answer 30

Uses an unbiased set of samples from incomplete count and a measure of detection to infer population size. Can estimate population of a larger area by measuring a small sample and scaling it up.

Question 31

Index

Answer 31

Not size itself, but measures something that varies predictably with population size. Provides trends.

Question 32

Accuracy

Answer 32

Measure of how close a population estimate is to the true population size.

Question 33

Precision

Answer 33

Measure of the spread of individual estimates or sampling units.

Question 34

Double sampling

Answer 34

Split into quadrats or strip plots. Count all animals on plots then do a rapid count for entire study area. B=y/x. y is ratio of # counted on rapid survey, x is intensive survey. N=C/B. C is # counted across whole area.

Question 35

Double sampling assumptions

Answer 35

All animals on intensive count counted. Animals have not moved from plots between intensive and rapid surveys.

Question 36

Distance sampling assumptions

Answer 36

All animals on line are detected. Animals do not move before they are sighted. Sightings are independent events.

Question 37

Lincoln Peterson

Answer 37

Sample a subset of population (n1). Mark all captured animals (m1). Release animals. Sample population again (n2) and count number that had been marked (m2). m2/n2 = n1/N. B = m2/n1. N = n1n2/m2.

Question 38

Lincoln Peterson assumptions

Answer 38

Population is closed. Marks are not lost, gained, or overlooked. All animals are equally likely to be captured in each sample.

Question 39

Measuring diet composition

Answer 39

Ocular estimate, post ingestion analysis, post digestion analysis, post assimilation analysis.

Question 40

Ocular estimate

Answer 40

Observe animal eating and record. Pros - observe food type and size before digestion, relatively non invasive. Cons - difficult to ID plant from afar, difficult for secretive animals or at night, usually small sample sizes.

Question 41

Post ingestion

Answer 41

Obtaining food from digestive tract, usually from dissected dead animal. Pros - usually gets more samples, includes food eaten at night, usually know animal species. Cons - more invasive, may require dead animal, food more difficult to ID.

Question 42

Post digestion

Answer 42

Obtaining food from feces, microhistology. Examine under microscope. Pros - non invasive, allows large sample sizes, works for secretive animals. Cons - ID requires skills/lab, high quality foods under represented, usually don't know species.

Question 43

Post assimilation

Answer 43

Fatty acids and stable isotopes. Punch biopsy, carbon and nitrogen measurements. Pros - can look at different time scales, can be non invasive. Cons - need reference sample, difficult to quantify, requires analytical tools.

Question 44

Percent occurrence

Answer 44

Number of individuals that had a food item in its diet. Need large sample size.

Question 45

Mean percent frequency

Answer 45

Average of number of a food item in an animals diet/total number of food items in diet.

Question 46

Mean percent mass or volume

Answer 46

Average of mass or volume of food item in diet/total mass or volume of diet.

Question 47

Radiation

Answer 47

Flow of energy as electromagnetic waves or particles through space at the speed of light from all objects above absolute zero.

Question 48

Convection

Answer 48

Flow of heat in a moving fluid especially at the interface with a solid. Animals boundary layer reduces convective heat loss.

Question 49

Conduction

Answer 49

Flow of heat when oscillating molecules exchange kinetic energy without appreciably changing position. Contact surfaces.

Question 50

Evaporation

Answer 50

Loss of heat from animal as water changes from a liquid to a gas. Greater surface area increases evaporation. Larger animals have less surface area per unit body mass.

Question 51

Measuring fear

Answer 51

Scan sampling (record behavior of animals per interval), focal animal sampling (records one animal continuously), flight initiation distance (walk towards them). Cortisol levels and glucocorticoid levels.

Question 52

Temperature

Answer 52

Thermometer, thermistor. Affects conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation.

Question 53

Windspeed

Answer 53

Anemometer. Affects forced convection and evaporation.

Question 54

Humidity

Answer 54

Sling psychrometer or electronic hygrometer. Affects evaporation.

Question 55

Thermal radiation

Answer 55

Pyrometer.