311 Intro to vertebates Flashcards
Describe the evolutionary tree of animals.
It appears as a trunk with two main branches. The trunk is for simple invertebrates. The branches are for advanced invertebrates and vertebrates.
Intuitively, what do invertebrates lack?
A dorsal back bone.
What are the factors considered in animal classification?
type of body plan, symmetry, number of
germ layers, level of organization, type of body cavity, and presence or absence of
segmentation.
What is cephalization?
The tendency of sensory, neural, and feeding organs to be concentrated at the front end of the body.
What three characteristics do all members of the phylum chordata have at some point in their history?
- A dorsal supporting rod called a notochord, which is replaced by the vertebral column in the adult
vertebrates. - A dorsal hollow nerve cord, in contrast to invertebrates, which have a ventral solid nerve cord. By
hollow, it is meant that the cord contains a canal that is filled with fluid. - Pharangeal pouches or gill clefts (slits), which are seen only during embryological development in
most vertebrate groups, although they persist in adult fishes. Water passing into the mouth and the
pharynx goes through the gill slits, which are supported by gill bars and used for gas exchange.
What are the protochordates?
they possess all three
typical chordate structures in either the larval and/or adult forms, as did the first chordates to evolve
What are some advanced features that vertebrates possess?
1) Specialization of parts
2) Cephalization
3) 3 germ layers
4) organ system
5) True Coelom
6) Specialization of parts
Name some unique features of vertebrates.
1) circulatory system
2) digestive system
3) endocrine system
4) excretory system
5) immune system (only vert. w/ jaws)
6) musculo-skeletal
What kind of chordates are vertebrates?
segmented chordates in which the
notochord is replaced in the adult by a vertebral column composed of individual
vertebrae
Describe the collagen in bone.
The collagen fibers ar
coated with a calcium phosphate salt, making it strong without being
brittle
Describe the Periosteum.
This fibrous membrane is the outer layer of the bone.
It is rich with blood vessels and nerve endings and it ends at the
edge of the joint area or where the ligaments and the tendons insert
themselves.
Describe compact bone
This part makes up most of the bone of arms and legs. The structural units of compact
bone are osteons, elongated cylinders that act as weight-bearing pillars, able to withstand any mechanical
stress placed on the bone. The center of each osteon contains a hollow canal that acts as a central
passageway (Haversian canal) for blood vessels and nerves.
Describe spongy bone.
In some bones, internal to the compact bone is spongy bone composed of a honeycomb
network of bones called trabeculae that act as supporting beams. Spongy bone is designed to bear stress
from several directions, such as that exerted on the pelvis in bending or stretching. The spaces between the
trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow containing the blood vessels that nourish spongy bone. In
additon to produce cells, which make up the bone, the cells of red bone marrow also produce the majority
of the cellular elements of the blood and of the lymph. Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs,
breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones.
Where is spongy bone found
Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs,
breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones.
Describe bone marrow.
It is the soft tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large
bones produces new blood cells. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow (consisting mainly of
myeloid tissue) and yellow marrow (consisting mainly of fat cells). Red blood cells, platelets and most
white blood cells arise in red marrow; some white blood cells develop in yellow marrow. Both types of
bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrow is red. With age,
more and more of it is converted to the yellow type. About half of the bone marrow is red. Red marrow is
found mainly in the flat bones, such as the hip bone, breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebrae and shoulder blades,
and in the spongy material at the proximal ends of the long bones femur and humerus. Yellow marrow is
found in the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones. In cases of severe blood loss, the body can
convert yellow marrow back to red marrow in order to increase blood cell production.
