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ginecologia > Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) > Flashcards

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) Flashcards

1
Q

What is sexually transmitted diseases?

A

STDs are a group of emerging infectious diseases, not only in developing countries, but even in Industrialized ones, including Italy. Include in heterogeneous group of clinical,Caused by over 25 different etiologic agents of bacterial, viral, and parasitic protozoan, Whose
Transmission may occur by vaginal, oral or anal (Therefore, for Both heterosexual and homosexual relationships) and affect the reproductive system.

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2
Q

Epidemiology of STDs

A
  • about 400 million people including the band età15-45 years sick of STDs each year. (WHO)
  • Compared to the last century, a when predominated syphilis and gonorrhea, today the most common STDs in Italy are diseases Chlamydia, mycoplasma, herpes and HPV
  • 2/3 of sick people are under 25 years
  • Infection from external genitals can come higher to internal genitals
  • Unnecessary use of antibiotics have contibuted not only to the emergence new infecting organisms, but the Increase in the incidence of the same MST
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3
Q

Risk factors (biological)

A

conditions predisposing biological

  • Age: young,big number of sexual partners
  • Females: vaginal habitat, Reasons anatomical (shorter length of the urethra)
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4
Q

Risk factors (behavioral)

A

behavioral conditions predisposing

Drug addiction and alcoholism
High number of sexual partners (ie, occasional reports)
Unprotected sex
Coinfection or previous infection with HIV
Previous history of STDs
Low socio-cultural

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5
Q

Mode of infection

A
  • Transversal: hetero- or homosexual relationships
  • Vertical: mother to child: In utero; At delivery
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6
Q

General characteristics of diagnosis

A
  • TORCH: INFORMS about the presence of Toxoplasma, CMV and HSV
  • serological tests for syphilis: VDRL, TPHA
  • Search for HIV
  • analysis of markers of hepatitis
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7
Q

Women symptoms

A
  • Vaginal discharge (leukorrhea): can be of different color and odor (OftenHowever smelly). For example, in the case of Candida infections, the loss is”Cottage cheese” for the formation of a series of granulations; in other cases, However,Recognize air bubbles
  • vaginal pain and burning
  • genital ulcers
  • Abdominal pain conspicuous (issiskiriantis, ryskus)
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8
Q

Men’s symptoms

A
  • pain and burning
  • losses urethral
  • genital ulcers
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9
Q

Diagnosis

A
  • serological tests
  • search of the microorganism in the secretions: for example, Trichomonas is well visible in cool while you search with Candida vaginal swabs / urethral
  • viral DNA Research
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10
Q

What causes STDs?

A
  • bacterias
  • virals
  • protozoa
  • mushrooms
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11
Q

What bacterias can cause?

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • chlamidia trachomatis
  • treponema pallidum
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12
Q

N.gonorrhoaea epidemiology

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae: is the most common STDs, Particularly common in poor countries, for
unhygienic conditions and socio-economic

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13
Q

N.gonorr etiopathogenesis

A

Etiopathogenesis: the adhesion of bacterial cells to the mucosal surfaces, decisive for the
development of the disease, OCCURS at the level of the cylindrical epithelia, predisposing to infection
ascending (PID: pelvic inflammatory desease). It is Transmitted by vaginal, anal, oral or
ocular (especially for poor hygiene in the latter case)

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14
Q

N.gonorr clinic (women)

A

• Cervicitis with losses (whites) greenish-yellow (Which may suggest
the Trichomonas)
• endometritis
• Irritations vulvar

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15
Q

N.gonorr clinic (men)

A
  • Urethritis

• disorders of urination (also from prostatitis)

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16
Q

N.gonorr clinic (both sex) and for neonatal because of mother

A
  • Anorettite

• pharyngitis

for neonatal :conjunctivitis

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17
Q

N.gonorr complications

A
  • men: urethritis That You back from the front, and then prostatitis. epididymitis

• In women: endocerviciti or endometritis dating back to give salpingitis and PID

  • Systemic: hematogenous dissemination (endocarditis, meningitis, etc.
18
Q

Chlamidia trachomatis - definition

A

CT infection is asymptomatic in 2/3 of the cases and, Moreover, is somewhat difficult to diagnose. Can cause two pictures:

  • lymphogranuloma venereum: is caratterizzata by ulcerative lesion Often fleeting and subject to multiple chronic adenopathy fistolizzazioni
  • genital infection
19
Q

Ch.trachomatis - symptoms for women

A

the cervix is the first site of infection; the Resulting
endocervicitis presents:
• Symptoms: abdominal pain, dysuria, blood loss, conditions general malaise, nausea and vomiting

20
Q

ch,trachomatis - diagnosis and complications (women)

A

• Complications
-Chronic Pain
-Salpingitis: no longer Allows the passage of the egg through the fallopian tubes, causing infertility or ectopic pregnancies
-PID
• Diagnosis
-search spontaneous secretions from the urethra
-Colposcopy

21
Q

Ch.trachomatis for men

A

urethritis Which may involve the epididymis and prostate

22
Q

Treponema pallidum - definition

A

Treponema pallidum: causes syphilis, Which OCCURS with a typical symptoms cutaneo-mucosa and internal organ involvement
Transmission;
Cross street
Via vertical (transplacental)

23
Q

Tr.pallidum - clinic

A

Primary syphilis chancre caratterizzata is accompanied by satellite adenopathy
Secondary syphilis is caratterizzata by the appearance of roseole and papules, lesions
mucous and papular, until you get to destructive lesions (tires luetic)
Tertiary syphilis: you have skin lesions and mucous localized and persistent, with
frequent CNS involvement

24
Q

tr.pallidum - diagnosis

A

Clinic
Microscopic observation
Serological tests
• VDRL: antibodies anticardiolipinici
• TPHA: antibodies antitreponema

25
Q

HPV (žmogaus papilomos virusas) - what about it?

A

is the most common viral causes of STDs, as well as the causes of frequent in MST Western countries. Approximately 30-40% of the adult persons is the bearer(nešiotojais) of HPV, but only 1% of them
is suffering from an STD

26
Q

HPV subtypes

A

High risk: 16, 18, 31, 33: have a high risk of malignancy of
cervix
Low risk: 6, 11: determinates at risk of benign

27
Q

HPV transmission

A

Sex
Fomito: is the presence of biological fluid contaminated That can be Transmitted for
unsanitary conditions in the absence of coitus sesuali:
• Environments and unclean clothes
• Surgical gloves, biopsy forceps(replės), fumes generated by laser CO2

28
Q

HPV pathogenesis

A

HPV penetrates the regions most susceptible to microtrauma During intercourse
sexual, goes in the basal layer of the squamous epithelium, where the viral genome Reaches
nucleus of the cell, and here he settled in episomal form

29
Q

Places, where can HPV “occupate”

A

labia( grandi e piccole labbra-lūpos), vestibule, urethral meatus, anal canal, perineum

30
Q

HPV infection types

A
  • clinical: condilomi acuminati; condilomi piatti
  • subclinical ( detectable with acetic acid at 3-5% and to colposcopy. They can anche occur with only itching. However, colposcopy Should be Noted:
    –Injuries macular: macules are just detected, tending to merge into large areas
    –Injuries micropapulari: macules are microscopi
  • Latent: detectable with molecular biology techniques (HPV-DNA in tissue
    clinically healthy)
31
Q

HPV - diagnostic and vaccination?

A

Diagnostic procedures
Inspection of the external genitalia
PAP-test: the koilocytosis Indicates HPV infection
Viral typing: is the search of the viral DNA to identify the subtype and then the
prognosis

vaccine subtypes 16-18-31-33

32
Q

Genital herpes - what about?

A

Genital herpes: the infection is Caused in 90% of cases by HSV-2 and is Often asymptomatic. In
Alternatively, you can appreciate the fleeting appearance of vesicles genitals. It is noteworthy the repute
the infection remains latent

33
Q

Protozoa (trichomonas vaginalis)

A

Trichomonas vaginalis is a unicellular parasite, present in Both men and women. In
this, OFTEN OCCURS in latent form, but can cause a vulvo-vaginitis caratterizzata by
vaginal irritation, malodorous discharge and itching.
It has a very easy to identify macroscopic conformation to cool; Furthermore, it is
the characteristic repute, by adding a potassium hydroxide determines a smell of “fish
rotten “

34
Q

Funghi (mushrooms) - Candida albicans - pathogenesis

A

Pathogenesis: live guest in our body and passes from the latent and asymptomatic at
clinical form, very troublesome in cases of favoring conditions: such as:
Hyperglycemia: then, Candida infection is typical of diabetic patients
Anaerobic conditions: in fact, Affects the toenails, If These are little
aerated (athlete’s foot)
Immunosuppression
Pharmacological alteration of the normal vaginal flora

35
Q

Candida albicans - clinic

A

Uncontrollable itching
Loss ricottosa: white is a loss, partly liquid and partly solid, in cultured
poor, sometimes very abundant
Contamination of the external genitalia, in the region Is that vulvar perianal, with
appearance of red patches

36
Q

Pelvic inflamatory disease (PID) - general

A 
It is an inflammation of the **upper genital tract**, with involvement of the **endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries and cervix:** is the
first cause of irreversible tubal damage, Resulting Therefore Involved in a large number of cases of
primary infertility (the damage to the mucus and tubal ciliary structure Prevents the passage of the egg
uterus). In some cases, the inflammation may be so as to Affect Extensive splenic capsule, Appendix
and liver surface
37
Q

What causes PID?

A

Usually follows a MST (PID primary: sharing, Therefore, the bacterial etiology view for
MST), but may result from other conditions anche of contamination extragenital as surgical trauma
(PID secondary).
It is appropriate to Consider: such as oral contraceptives, reducing the production of cervical mucus, reduce
the risk of PID

38
Q

PID risk factors

A
  • A number of sexual partners
  • Previous PID
  • Presence of a bacterial vaginosis or a MST
  • Use of IUDs
  • nulliparity
  • Recent invasive procedures to load the uterus (eg, revision cavitary instrumental)
  • Failure antibiotic prophylaxis or no post-surgical
39
Q

PID symptoms

A

ranges from mild tenderness to severe complications

  • located on the lower abdominal pain: Becomes Progressively severe with the occurrence of contractions of defense
  • nausea and vomiting
  • fever and leukocytosis: especially In These cases, the picture is similar to That of appendicitis
  • losses cervical mucus-purulent
  • irregular bleeding
  • vaginosis with whites
  • Tenderness bounce and movement of the neck of the uterus and adnexal regions
40
Q

PID complications

A
  • Sterility
  • Chronic Pelvic Pain
  • dyspareunia: pain During sexual intercourse
  • tubo-ovarian abscess: Develops in about 15% of cases and suddenly with OCCURS the worsening of pain in the lower abdomen and the onset of nausea, vomiting,signs of peritonitis and septic shock
  • Piosalpinge: One or Both fallopian tubes are filled with pus. The liquid can be sterile, but filling of leukocytes
  • hydrosalpinx is the obstruction of the fimbria with distension of the tube by liquid purulent, Which Develops in the case of late or incomplete treatment. Usually asymptomatic, it can still cause a compression pelvic pelvic pain croncio dyspareunia
  • Syndrome Fitz-Hugh-Curtis: It can be a complication of gonococcal salpingitis or Chlamydia and is caratterizzata by pain in the right upper quadrant association with an acute salpingitis, Which Indicates the presence of a perihepatitis
41
Q
A

ginecologia (11 decks)

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