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Gate Biomechanics > Determinants of Gait > Flashcards

Determinants of Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What is gait cycle?

A

Full completion of a single limb’s stance phase and swing phase

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2
Q

Stride Length?

A

Full gait cycle

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3
Q

Step length?

A

Length between one foot & opposite foot

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4
Q

Cadence?

A

Number if steps in a given amount of time

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5
Q

What can a wider step width mean?

A

Balance issues, peripheral neuropathy

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6
Q

What are some external forces creating torques?

A

Gravity & Ground reaction force

external forces = external moments

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7
Q

What generates internal forces to maintain equilibrium?

A

Muscle contractions

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8
Q

What is the equation for torque?

A

F*D

force * length of moment arm

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9
Q

What is torque?

A

the ability of any force to cause rotation about an axis

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10
Q

What is the GRF?

A

Ground reaction force

Equal in magnitude the force that the body applies to the floor through the foot

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11
Q

What are the 2 peaks in the GRF graph?

A

1st peak-period between initial contact and loading response

2nd peak- terminal stance and preswing phase

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12
Q

What are the external torque counterbalanced by?

A

Muscles (create internal torque)

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13
Q

What happens during single limb support?

A

Lateral shift of body mass, hip Abductors turn on to keep pelvis level and to maintain GRF

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14
Q

What can cause some anatomical mal-alignments of ?

A

Scoliosis, knee varus/valgus, increased rotation of hips, and posture

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15
Q

What kind of moments are created at the knee?

A

GRF force is just posterior to knee

Creates external flexion moment

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16
Q

What kind of internal moment is needed to counteract the posterior GRF at the knee?

A

Internal extension moment

Quadriceps turn on

17
Q

In a hyperextended knee where is the GRF?

A

Anterior to the knee

18
Q

With a hyperextended knee what kind of external moment is created, and what internal moment is needed to counteract it?

A

External extension moment

Internal flexion moment (Hamstrings, gastrocs, posterior knee capsule kick on)

19
Q

What is the CoP?

A

Center of pressure-cumulative forces in a given area at an instance in time

20
Q

Where is the CoP in the foot while walking?

A
  1. Initial contact - lateral to mid heal

2. Terminal stance - under medial forefoot

21
Q

What are the 6 determinants of gait?

A 
Pelvic rotation
Lateral pelvic tilt
Lateral shift
Knee flexion
Ankle DF
Heel rise
22
Q

Where does pelvic rotation occur?

A

Transverse Plane

23
Q

What is the pelvic rotation during the swing phase?

A

Where swing side pelvis moves anteriorly to advance the leg forward. (ex. Left leg moving forward, left side of pelvis goes forward creating rotation to the right)

24
Q

What is the pelvic rotation during the stance phase?

A

Pelvis moves opposite, (ex. standing on left leg, pelvis rotates back to left)

25
Q

How is the lateral pelvic tilt controlled?

A

Gluteus Medius muscle (swing side pelvis drops)

26
Q

What does the lateral pelvic tilt control?

A

Vertical excursion of the COM
swing hip falls lower
smooths pelvic trajectory

27
Q

How far does the swing side pelvis drop during the swing phase?

A

1 inch

controlled

28
Q

How far does the body shift laterally while walking?

A

1-2 inches toward stance leg

29
Q

What can cause the lateral shift to increase or decrease?

A

Degrease: Knee valgus, feet are closer together
Increase: Wider stance, genu valgum

30
Q

What is the stance knee flexion phase?

A

It’s when your knee flexes during weight acceptance

31
Q

Where is the ankle DF important?

A

Early Stance/IC with heal

32
Q

What does the heel rise when moving into the swing phase do?

A

Reduces the amount of extensor and flexor muscle activity needed.

33
Q

What are the sagittal kinematics for the lower extremity?

A

Pelvis-Anterior/posterior tilt
Hip-In flexion at IC and move into extension as the body progresses
Knee-Knee flexion needed to minimize vertical translation
Ankle-PF/DF

34
Q

How many degrees of DF do you need to have normal gait?

A

10 degrees

35
Q

What are the frontal kinematics for the lower extremity?

A

Pelvis-Lateral tilt
Hip-moves with pelvis (with add until midstance, After midstance hip abd)
Knee-Minimal movement (slight varus during stance, valgus during preswing and initial swing)
Subtalar-Pronation/Supination

36
Q

What are the transverse kinematics?

A

Pelvis-Axial rotation or (IR/ER)
Hip-IR/ER (slight ER at initial contact and move into IR in late midstance)
Knee-Tibia mirrors the femur

Gate Biomechanics (2 decks)

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