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Immuno > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five characteristics of an ideal vaccine?

A
  1. No undesirable side effects
  2. Easy to administer
  3. Highly immunogenic
  4. Highly protective
  5. Provides long term immunity
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2
Q

What are the three main viral vaccine strategies?

A
  1. Attenuated virus
  2. Inactivated virus
  3. Subunit vaccines
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3
Q

What does it mean for a virus to be attenuated?

A

These viruses are developed through the prolonged passaging of the human virus through other hosts. The result is decreased pathogenicity in human hosts.

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4
Q

Why does attenuated virus innoculation produce longer lasting immunity than other types?

A

Develops T and B cell response.

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of the attenuated strategy of vaccine development?

A
  1. Reversion of virus
  2. contaminating pathogens
  3. Immunodeficient patients die
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6
Q

Pregnant women should not receive vaccines that use which strategy of vaccine development?

A

Attenuated

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7
Q

What is the process of developing an inactivated virus vaccine?

A

Virus is chemically treated and killed

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8
Q

What is the advantage of using inactivated viruses for vaccine development?

A

No risk to prego or immunocomprimised

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9
Q

What is the disadvantage of using inactivated viruses for vaccine development?

A

No T cell immunity

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10
Q

What is the process for developing a subunit vaccine?

A

Use viral protein developed from yeast recombinant

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11
Q

What is the one vaccine example in class of viral subunits?

A

Hepatitis B

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12
Q

What are the three bacterial vaccine strategies?

A
  1. Inactivated bacteria
  2. Bacterial toxin
  3. Conjugates
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13
Q

What is involved in using inactivated bacteria for a vaccine?

A

Heat killed vaccine provide antigen source

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14
Q

What are the examples discussed in class of inactivated bacterial vaccines?

A
  1. Tetanus
  2. Diptheria
  3. Pertussis
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15
Q

What is the danger associated with using the inactivated bacteria method of vaccine production?

A

May give full, active bacteria

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16
Q

What is involved in using bacterial toxoids for a vaccine?

A

Bacterial toxins can be detoxified without loss of immunogenicity and the finished product is called a toxoid.

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17
Q

What are the exampls of toxoid vaccines discussed in class?

A

Diptheria and tetanus

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18
Q

What is involved in using bacterial conjugates for a vaccine?

A

Conjugating the polysaccharides of a bacterial cell wall to a protein carrier allows for high affinity IgG to be produced along with a memory response.

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19
Q

Do bacterial conjugate vaccines that use carbohydrates of bacterial cells walls produce a full (with memory, Tcell production etc) or limited immunologic response? Why?

A

Full d/t conjugation with protein

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20
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

substances that promote greater immune responses to antigens

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21
Q

How do adjuvants work?

A

Convert soluble protein antigens into particulate matter which are more readily ingested by antigen presenting cells

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22
Q

Hep B occurs much more often in adulthood. Why is it given to children?

A

Convenience d/t many steps involved

23
Q

What is the vaccine strategy used to produce Hep B vaccine?

A

Surface antigen

24
Q

What is the most commonly used adjuvant?

A

Aluminum hydroxide

25
Q

From birth to when is the most important time for a child to receive vaccines?

A

two years

26
Q

Infants born with HBsAg mothers should get what at birth?

A

Hep B vaccine and HBIG

27
Q

Why is a series of TDaP vaccines needed?

A

vaccine is not a live one

28
Q

There are five subunits (S1-5) in the acellular vaccine for pertusis. Which one is immunogenic? What is done to it?

A

S1 is immunogenic but is mutated to render it non-toxic

29
Q

Will the Pertusis vaccine (or other toxoid vaccines) cause immunity against their respective bacteria?

A

No, just their toxins. Must have normal immune response against bacteria

30
Q

What type of vaccine is the Hemophilus influenza type b vaccine?

A

polysaccharide-protein conjugate

31
Q

What type of vaccine are the diptheria and tetanus vaccines?

A

Inactivated toxin

32
Q

How many different types of meningococcal strains are there? How many does the vacine protect against?

A

5, only 4 are vaccinated

33
Q

What are the two types of polio vaccine? What strategy of vaccine developed does each use?

A

Salk (IPV)= inactivated virus

Sabin (OPV) = attenuated

34
Q

What is the advantage/disadvantage of the salk/sabin vaccine for polio?

A

Salk = no danger, but only antibodies

Sabin = dangerous, but more robust immunity

35
Q

Who is most at risk of the rubella virus?

A

Neonates

36
Q

What strategy is used to create the MMR vaccine?

A

Attenuated virus

37
Q

How long should pregnant females wait to get an MMR vaccine?

A

3 months

38
Q

What strategy is used to create the varicella vaccine?

A

Attenuated virus

39
Q

What are the complications of Varicella infections?

A

Reyes syndrome

Bacterial superinfections

40
Q

What does Rotavirus cause?

A

Diarrheal illness

41
Q

What strategy is used to create the Rotavirus vaccine?

A

Attenuated vaccine

42
Q

What is the surface antigen that is on the rotavirus?

A

VP7

43
Q

Which vaccine preventable bacteria causes more deaths in the US each year than all other vaccine preventable diseases combined?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

44
Q

What strategy is employed in developing the Pneumococcal vaccine?

A

conjugated bacterial toxoid

45
Q

What are the two types of vaccines for the flu, and how are they produced?

A 
IM = inactivated virus
Mist = attenuated virus
46
Q

Each of the two flu vaccines develop immunity to what two strains of flu?

A

H3N2, H1N1, and one influenze B

47
Q

What types of HPV are guarded against by Garasil?

A

16 and 18

48
Q

How is the Gardasil vaccine made?

A

L1 protein (capsid of virus)

49
Q

What is the preservative used in vaccines that people freak out about?

A

Thimerosal

50
Q

The Sabin polio vaccine uses what strategy for vaccine development?

A

Attenuated viral

51
Q

The MMR vaccine uses what strategy for vaccine development?

A

Attenuated viral

52
Q

The yellow fever vaccine uses what strategy for vaccine development?

A

Attenuated viral

53
Q

The Rabies vaccines uses what strategy for vaccine development?

A

Inactivated virus

54
Q

The Salk vaccine is what type of vaccine?

A

Inactivated virus

Immuno (16 decks)

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