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module 3 > 3.1.2 - transport in animals🫀 > Flashcards

3.1.2 - transport in animals🫀 Flashcards

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1
Q

features of a circulatory system

A

liquid transport medium that circulates around the body
vessels that carry the transport medium
pumping mechanism

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2
Q

open circulatory system

A

very few vessels to contain the transport medium

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3
Q

haemocoel

A

open body cavity
comes into direct contact with the tissues and the cells

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4
Q

where open circulatory systems are found

A

invertebrate animals, including most insects and some molluscs.

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5
Q

haemolymph

A

transport medium in insects
does not carry o2 or co2, transports waste products

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6
Q

where closed circulatory systems are found

A

all of the vertebrate groups, including mammals

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7
Q

single closed circulatory system

A

blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all the way round the body before returning to the heart

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8
Q

process of a single closed circulatory system

A
  • blood passes through two sets of capillaries before it returns to the heart
  • in the first it exchanges o2 and co2
  • in the second substances are exchanged between blood and cells
  • very low efficiency
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9
Q

why can fish use a single closed circulatory system?

A

body weight supported by the water which they live in and do not have to maintain their own body temperature - reducing metabolic demands.

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10
Q

double closed circulatory system

A

most efficient system for transporting substances around the body.
involves two separate circulations

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11
Q

process of double closed circulatory system

A

blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload co2 and then returns to the heart
blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the bidy before returning to the heart again

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12
Q

elastic fibres

A

composed of elastin and can stretch and recoil providing vessel walls with flexibility

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13
Q

smooth muscle

A

contracts and relaxes which changes the size of the lumen (the channel within the blood vessel)

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14
Q

collagen

A

provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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15
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. they carry oxygenated blood - this blood is under very high pressure

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16
Q

structure of arteries

A

artery walls contain elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen. lining of the artery is smooth so the blood flows easy over it
small lumen

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17
Q

arterioles

A

link the arteries and the capillaries

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18
Q

structure of arterioles compared to arteries

A

more smooth muscle
less elastin

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19
Q

vasoconstriction

A

smooth muscle contracts in the arteriole, constricting the vessel and prevents blood flowing into the capillary bed

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20
Q

vasodilation

A

smooth muscle relaxes in arteriole, blood flows through the capillary bed

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21
Q

capillaries and their adaptations

A

microscopic vessel through which exchange takes place between blood and cells
- large surface area
- total cross sectional area is always greater than the arteriole supplying them to rate of bloof flow falls
- walls are one cell thick

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22
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. they carry deoxygenated bood

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23
Q

structure of veins

A

walls have lots of collagen and relatively little elastic fibre
wide lumen and smooth thin lining

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24
Q

venules

A

small vessels that gather blood from capillaries into the veins

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25
structure of venules
very thin walls with little smooth muscle
26
adaptations of veins
- one way valves at intervals to prevent blood flowing backwards - bigger veins run through big active muscles in the body. when they contract the veins squeexe forcing blood to the heart
27
plasma
yellow liquid, carrying a wide range of components
28
platelets
fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes found in the red bone marrow involved in blood clotting
29
functions of blood
transport 02, co2, digested food, waste products, hormones, cells and antibodies in the immune reponse maintain body temp pH buffer
30
oncotic pressure
pressure of water to move as a result of the prescence of plasma proteins, which have a low water potential
31
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel
32
hydrostatic pressure at arterial end
very high
33
tissue fluid
fluid surrounding the cells and tissues
34
venous end pressure
hydrostatic pressure falls oncotic pressure remains the same
35
lymph
tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary
36
lymph composition
similar tp plasma and tissue fluid less o2 and fewer nutrients has fatty acids
37
where lymph returns to the bloodstream
under the collarbone
38
haemoglobin
the protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells. globular protein made up of 4 peptide chains, each iwth an iron- containing haem group
39
oxyhaemoglobin
combination of Hb and o2 Hb + 4o2 (reversible reaction) Hb (02)4
40
positive cooperativity
once the first oxygen binds haemoglobin will undergo a conformational change so its easier for the next 3 oxygens to bind
41
myogenic
generates its own beat
42
diastole
relaxation of the heart
43
systole
contraction of the heart
44
cardiac cycle
a complete heart beat constisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles
45
lub dub
the sound made by the heart valves as they close
46
SA node
specialised cells in the wall of the right atrium called the pacemaker because it can alter the heart rate by altering the number of action potentials conducing through the heart starts the atria contracting
47
AV node
a node of specialised heart muscle located in septal wall of RA - recieves impulses from the SA node and transmits them to the AV bundle
48
bundle of his (AV bundle)
located next to the AV node. provides the transfer of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles
49
purkinje fibres
fibres in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract.
50
purpose of the AVN delay
to ensure that the atria have stopped contracting before the venticles start
51
what an ECG measures
tiny electrical differences in your skin, which result from the electrical activity of the heart
52
tachycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat
53
bradycardia
slow heart rate
54
ectopic heartbeat
extra beats that are out of the normal rhythm
55
atrial fibrilation
occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
56
oxygen disocciation curve
percentage saturation haemoglobin in the blood is plotted agaisnt partial pressure of oxygen show affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
57
what happens at low partial pressure for oxygen
low affinity for oxygen so readily disocciates
58
what happens at high partial pressure for oxygen
high affinity for oxygen so readily associates'
59
bohr effect
the rise in co2 meaning that haemoglobin gives up more oxygen, shifts the curve ti the right
60
fetal haemoglobin
higher affinity for oxygen than adults, so the curve shifts to the left.
61
carbaminohaemoglobin
co2 combined with amino acid groups in polypeptide chains of haemoglobin
62
carbonic anhydrase
catalyses the reversible reaction between co2 and water to form carbonic acid.
63
carbonic acid disociates to form..
hydrogen carbonate ions and hydrogen ions
64
chloride shift
negtative hydrogen carbonate ions move out of the erythrocytes and cloride ions move in.

module 3 (3 decks)

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