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Biology mod 3 Exchange and transport > 3.1.2 Transport in animals > Flashcards

3.1.2 Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers in the human heart?

A

4 chambers

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2
Q

Name the chambers of the human heart

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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3
Q

What is the all of muscular tissue separating the two halves of the heart called?

A

The septum

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the septum?

A

prevent oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

Name the 4 valves of the heart

A

tricuspid, bicuspid, 2x semi lunar

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6
Q

What is the bottom of the heart called?

A

Apex

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7
Q

How do the valves in the heart know when to open and close?

A

Valves open when the pressure of blood behind them is greater than the pressure in front of them.

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8
Q

What are the blood vessels on the surface of the heart called?

A

coronary arteries

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9
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart at high pressures to tissues.

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10
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood at low pressures to the heart

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11
Q

Are the lumen of arteries narrow or wide?

A

Narrow to maintain a high blood pressure.

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12
Q

Are the lumen of veins narrow or wide?

A

wide to carry blood at high speeds

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13
Q

Name the layers of blood vessels

A

endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, collagen

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14
Q

What does collagen do in blood vessels?

A

Provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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15
Q

Why do arteries have thick smooth muscle?

A

Strengthens the arteries so that they can withstand high pressures and also contract for reduced blood flow.

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16
Q

Why is there no need for thick smooth muscle in veins?

A

Blood is travelling at low pressures.

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17
Q

Which blood vessel has valves?

A

veins

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18
Q

Do veins or arteries have more collagen?

A

Veins

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19
Q

Function of capillaries

A

to exchange of materials such as oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and tissue cells.

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20
Q

What type of walls do capillaries have?

A

very thin leaky walls

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21
Q

How thin is the lumen of capillaries?

A

1 cell thick

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22
Q

Why is the lumen of capillaries 1 cell thick?

A

So 1 RBC can travel through at a time to maintain slower diffusion.

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23
Q

What are capillary networks calledl?

A

Capillary beds

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24
Q

What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.

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25
Q

Function of venules.

A

Transport blood from capillaries to veins.

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26
Q

Function of arterioles.

A

Transport blood from arteries to capillaries.

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27
Q

What is the contraction of the heart called?

A

systole

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28
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart called?

A

diastole

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29
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Diastole- the heart relaxes.
-The atria fill up with blood from the veins.
-Blood trickles into the ventricles.

2) Atrial systole- the atria contract.
-The atria contract and blood is forced into the ventricles.

3) Ventricular systole- the ventricles contract.
-A fraction of a second later the ventricles contract and the valves between the atria and ventricles close so blood can only be squeezed into the arteries.

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30
Q

The heart is myogenic, what does this mean?

A

The heart has the capacity to create its own impulses

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31
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node found?

A

wall of right atrium

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32
Q

What is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart?

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

33
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

abnormally fast heart rate of over 100bpm

34
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

abnormally slow heart rate of less than 60bpm

35
Q

What is an ectopic heart rate?

A

An early heartbeat followed by a pause.

36
Q

Is an ectopic heart rate common or not?

A

Yes it is common and usually requires no treatment unless severe.

37
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

An irregular heartbeat which disrupts the rhythm of the heart.

38
Q

Is atrial fibrillation common or not?

A

No and severe cases can be fatal.

39
Q

What causes the P wave on an ECG?

A

The depolarisation of the atria which results in atrial systole.

40
Q

What causes the PR interval on an ECG?

A

The time it takes for the SAN impulse to pass across the aorta.

41
Q

What causes the QRS complex on an ECG?

A

The depolarisation of the ventricles which results in ventricular systole.

42
Q

Why is ventricular systole the largest wave on an ECG?

A

Ventricles have the largest muscle mass.

43
Q

What is the T wave on an ECG?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles. This results in ventricular diastole.

44
Q

why does an ECG not show atrial repolarisation?

A

The signals are too small and hidden by QRS complex

45
Q

why is haemoglobin described as conjugated

A

each subunit has a prothetic group attached containing a single iron ion (Fe2+)

46
Q

How many oxygen atoms can a haemoglobin molecule carry?

A

8 atoms and 4 molecules (o2)

47
Q

What varies the affinity of oxygen to haemoglobin?

A

the partial pressure of oxygen.

48
Q

As partial pressure of oxygen increases, what happens to the affinity to haemoglobin?

A

increases so oxygen binds to haemoglobin.

49
Q

What happens during respiration to haemoglobin affinity to oxygen?

A

The affinity decreases as the partial pressure of oxygen decreases. Therefore oxygen is released into respiring tissues.

50
Q

What happens when the first oxygen molecule binds to haemoglobin?

A

A conformational change occurs. Makes it easier for successive oxygen molecules to bind.

51
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen like in the lungs?

A

High

52
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen like in respiring tissues?

A

Low

53
Q

Where does waste carbon dioxide go that is produced during respiration?

A

-very small percentage in blood plasma

54
Q

explain how carbon dioxide is transported as carbonate ions.

A

-co2 dissolves into RBC’s
-Inside the red blood cells carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid.
-Red blood cells contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
-Without the enzyme this reaction occurs very slowly.
-Carbonic acid disassociates readily into hydrogen and hydrogen carbonate ions.
-Hydrogen ions can bind with haemoglobin which forms haemoglobinic acid which prevents the hydrogen ions from lowering the pH of the red blood cell.
-Haemoglobin is said to act as a buffer in this situation.
-The hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into the blood plasma where they are transported in solution.

55
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells that occurs when carbonate ions are formed.

56
Q

What is the bohr effect?

A

When a high partial pressure of co2 causes haemoglobin to release oxygen into respiring tissues.

57
Q

What is affinity

A

How strongly two or more molecules want to interact/bind with each other.

58
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

How we quantify how much gas is present in a mixture of gases.

59
Q

What does an oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

The rate at which oxygen associated and dissociates with haemoglobin at different partial pressures.

60
Q

When haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen what happens?

A

oxygen binds easily and dissociates slowly.

61
Q

When haemoglobin has a low affinity what happens?

A

It binds slowly and dissociates easily.

62
Q

Why is there a shallow curve at the bottom of the oxygen dissasociation curve?

A

The binding of the first oxygen molecule occurs slowly as the haemoglobin has not undergone the conformational change yet.

63
Q

Why does it take longer for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind to haemoglobin?

A

The haemoglobin molecule is approaching saturation so there are less binding sites.

64
Q

Does foetal haemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity for oxygen?

A

higher

65
Q

Why does Foetal Haemoglobin have higher affinity for oxygen?

A

It obtains oxygen from its mother’s blood at the placenta.

66
Q

What does the dissociation curve for foetal haemoglobin look like next to the regular haemoglobin curve?

A

Shifts to the left.

67
Q

Is the partial pressure of oxygen lower or higher at high altitudes?

A

lower

68
Q

What are the two opposing forces which decide how much fluid leaves the plasma to form tissue fluid?

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure

69
Q

What happens at the arterial end of the capillary in regards to tissue fluid?

A

-Hydeostatic pressure is high so fluid is forced out of leaky capillary walls.
-Proteins remain in blood as they are too large to pass through the wall.

70
Q

What happens at the venous end of the capillary in regards to tissue fluid?

A

-Hydrostatic pressure reduced

71
Q

Where does the 10% of fluid left over from the arteriole end of the capillary go to?

A

Lymph vessels.

72
Q

Function of tissue fluid

A

Surrounds all body cells and helps transport materials in and out of cells

73
Q

Equation for cardiac output.

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

74
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood that is pumped by the heart (the left and right ventricle) per unit of time.

75
Q

What is the average adult cardiac output at rest?

A

4.7 Litres

76
Q

Why do fit individuals have higher cardiac outputs than average?

A

They have thicker and stronger ventricular muscles in their hearts.

77
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle.

78
Q

What is produced when carbon dioxide combines with water?

A

carbonic acid.

Biology mod 3 Exchange and transport (3 decks)

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