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Plant Ecology > Mosses > Flashcards

Mosses Flashcards

1
Q

Phyla of Bryophytes (refers to all non-vascular plants)

A
  • Marchantiophyta (Liverworts)
  • Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
  • Bryophyta (Mosses)
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2
Q

Monophyletic

A

Linear group of phyla

- The 3 bryophyte phyla divereged independently early in plant evolution before the origin of vascular plants

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3
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

A diagram that shows ancestral relations without a time frame between taxa

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4
Q

Which bryophyta phyla are the most reasonable models of early plants?

A

Liverworts and hornworts

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5
Q

Which bryophyte phyla are the most closely related to vascular plants?

A

Mosses

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6
Q

Charophytes

A

Division of green algae most closely related to byrophytes

- Aquatic algae

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7
Q

Bryophyte evolution

A
  • Bryophytes were the first plants for 100 million years that terrestrial communities existed
  • Then vegetation began to take on a taller profile for better access to light, therefore vascular tissue developed
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8
Q

What does a gametophyte consist of?

A
  • Gamete producing structures, the gametophores
  • Root-hair-like rhizodes
  • Haploid
  • Photosynthetic
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9
Q

Moss reproduction

A
  • Gametes produced in Gametangia
  • Dioecious with separate male and female gametophores
  • Female produces a vase-shaped Archegonium with a single egg
  • Male produces elongated antheridia with many flagellated sperm
  • Sperm need at least a small amount of water to disperse and ‘swim’ to female
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10
Q

What is the dominant form in a moss?

A

Gametophyte, haploid is dominant over diploid sporophyte

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11
Q

Sporophyte

A
  • Diploid, less dominant, moss structure that is only present part of the year
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12
Q

Homosporous

A

Bryophytes have spores that are all the same size

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13
Q

How do mosses grow?

A

Spores germinate in favourable habitat and grow by mitosis into masses of branched 1 cell thick filaments called protonemata

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Produces more haploid

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces spores

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16
Q

What is a protonemata?

A

Mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filaments that produce meristems when sufficient resources are available

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17
Q

What is a meristem?

A

Region of active cell division that generate gametophytes

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18
Q

How do sperm find the archegonia?

A

Chemotaxis

- they follow chemical attractants

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19
Q

What is the Zygote?

A

Young sporophyte that is retained and nourished by the parent gametophyte 9placental nutritive cells transport materials from parent to embryos)

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20
Q

Liverwort and Hornwort reproduction?

A

Simple sporophytes that consist of a short stalk (Seta) bearing round sporangia which contain the developing spores and have a nutritive foot embedded in the gametophyte tissues
- Seta is not elongated, protected inside

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21
Q

What are Rhizoids?

A

Multicellular filaments that anchor bryophytes

  • Not composed of tissues
  • Not photosynthetic
  • No specialized conducting cells
  • No primary role in water and mineral absorption
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22
Q

What 2 features make the sporophyte?

A
  • Seta (Stalk)

- Sporangium (holds spores)

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23
Q

Why are moss leaves so thin?

A

Being one cell thick situates all cells close to water and dissolved minerals

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24
Q

How is water and nutrient transport accomplished in gametophores?

A

By external transport

- sometimes by costas

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25
Q

What is a Costa?

A

A nerve of specialized cells that runs lengthwise on a gametophyte leaf.

  • One costa can be a midrib
  • Can contain specialized cells that are not structural
  • Primitive tissue to transport water (Hydroids)
  • Analagous to a nerve, but do not call it a nerve!
26
Q

What is a Hydroid?

A

Specialized cell that can conduct water within gametophyte

  • not the same as tracheid of vascular plants
  • non-structural
27
Q

What are Leptoids?

A

Specialized cells that conduct organic compounds (minerals and Carbs from photosynthesis

  • not the same as tracheid of vascular plants
  • non-structural
28
Q

What are Lamina?

A

Leaf blade cells that provide structure and are continuous on either side of the guide cells

29
Q

What are guide cells?

A

Noticeably larger cells that are continuous with the cells that make up the rest of the leaf blade (lamina)
- May be part of costa

30
Q

Seta?

A

Term for the stem of a sporophyte that bears the bishops cap (sporangium)
and
the stem of the moss gametophyte
- Do not call it a stem!

31
Q

What do most stems consist of?

A

Concentric layers of:

  • Central cylinder of water conducting hydroids and nutrient conducting leptoids
  • Undifferentiated parenchyma cells
  • Supportive cellulotic stereid cells
32
Q

Parenchyma

A

Basic cell in a plant

  • Early tissue appearing on 1st terrestrial plants
  • Undifferentiated cells
33
Q

Why are most bryophytes so small?

A

Lack supportive tissues

  • Some family in NZ can grow really big though!
  • Show extreme examples of very small to quite large even in the same evolutionary family
34
Q

Why are bryophyte leaves and stems not considered true?

A

They lack lignin-coated vascular cells

  • Lack the wax that is common protective feature on vascular plants
  • Vascular plants have a stomata for gas exchange on vascular leaves
35
Q

Why are moss leaves so thin?

A
  • Lack a cuticle and are only one cell thick to enhance water and mineral absorption from moist environment
36
Q

What are the 2 growth habits of mosses?

A
  • Ascocarpus

- Pleurocarpus

37
Q

Ascocarpus

A

Mosses with erect growth form and apical sporophytes

38
Q

Pleurocarpus

A

Decumbent Mosses or feather-like with lateral sporophytes that are not produced on the meristomatic tip

39
Q

Perichaetium?

A

Whirl of leaves around the archegonium which will eventually produce the sporophyte

40
Q

Capsule

A

Sporangium

41
Q

What is special about Hair-cap mosses?

A

They have more complex leaves with ridges (lamellae) to enhance absorption of sunlight and increase photosynthesis
- The ridges are coated with cuticle

42
Q

What does a moss sporophyte consist of?

A
  • Foot
  • Seta (elongated stalk)
  • Sporangium (capsule)
43
Q

What does the Foot of the sporophyte do?

A

Gathers nutrients and water from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells

44
Q

What does the Stalk of the sporophyte do?

A

Conducts materials gathered in the foot to the capsule

45
Q

Why is the Seta elongate in most mosses?

A

So that the capsule can be elevated to enhance spore dispersal

46
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In the moss capsule (sporangium)

- Can generate over 50 million spores

47
Q

Calyptra

A

Bishops Cap produced by all masses

  • Protective cap of gametophyte tissue on immature capsule
  • Haploid
  • Lost when capsule is ready to release spores
48
Q

Peristome?

A

Upper part of capsule that can be specialized for gradual spore release

  • Under the calyptra and revealed when calyptra falls off
  • May have peristome teeth
49
Q

Embryo

A

Diploid structure

50
Q

Sphagnum

A

Peat moss

  • Abundant and widespread
  • Peatlands: High-latitude boreal wetland
  • Important carbon reservoir stabilizing atmospheric CO2 levels
  • Absorbent, comfortable, and antimicrobial so Historically used as diapers and antiseptic wound dressings
  • Harvested today as soil conditioner and packing material for plant roots (b/c they hold a lot of water in ‘dead’ cells)
  • Burned as blocks of fuel
51
Q

Peat

A
  • Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed from sphagnum, a wetland moss
  • Sphagnum is genus
  • Peat is product
52
Q

Peat Bog

A

Wet region dominated by sphagnum moss

53
Q

Why does peat moss not decay?

A

Does not readily decay due to resistant phenolic compounds and acidic secretions that inhibit bacterial activity

54
Q

What is the growth form of sphagnum?

A

Rosette form

55
Q

Hyaline

A

Clear, see-through cells

- LargeDead cells of sphagnum surrounded by smaller living photosynthetic cells

56
Q

Sphagnum hold lots of water, why?

A
  • Hyaline dead cells fill up like a cistern (only sphagnum does this)
  • These cells give the leaf a lot of structure
  • Cells have pores
  • Cross walls of dead cells give structure and hold it even when dry
57
Q

Rithet’s Bog

A
  • Sphagnum Bog
  • Present water table can support sphagnum growth
  • Must transplant peat sphagnum to raise water table and hold onto water, not forest sphagnum
  • Need to remove shore pine (log to prevent further terrestrialization) and surface muck from shore pine needles an bark (produces non-wetland soil)
58
Q

Restoration Study for Rithet’s Bog

A

Before-After-Control-Impact
- Split plots
- Paired control
Treatment: plots planted with sphagnum, with muck removal, and without
Control with no muck removal or planting
And all replicated
- 2 controls: spatial (paired), and temporal (before/after impact assessments, need 5 years of data at least to get temporal control)
- Other possible treatments include different depths of surface removal, or different combinations of peat moss species

59
Q

Spatial Control

A

Paired plots beside each other, one treated, one without (control)

60
Q

Temporal Control

A
  • Time
  • Before and after data collected
  • Needs at least 5 years
61
Q

Rithet’s Bog study comparisons

A

With Spatial and Temporal controls

  • Pairwise btwn treated and untreated plots
  • Pairwise before and after
  • Track difference btwn pairs
  • Get trend data, may fluctuate some before treatment

Plant Ecology (12 decks)

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