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Biology set 3 > 3.1.3 - Transport in Plants > Flashcards

3.1.3 - Transport in Plants Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What distinguishes stems from other parts of the plants

A

Presence of nodes and internodes

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2
Q

Role of vascular cambium

A

Responsible for secondary growth and contains meristematic tissue

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3
Q

Functions of roots

A

Anchor the plant in the ground
Store excess carbs
Absorbs water and minerals

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4
Q

Role of parenchyma

A

Involved in respiration, photosynthesis, storage and secretion
Heavily lignified

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5
Q

What is collenchyna tissue made of

A

Collenchyma cells
Pectin
Cellulose

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6
Q

Role of collenchyma

A

Provide support

Expands as the stem grows

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7
Q

Role of endodermal cells

A

Regulates the substances that enter

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8
Q

What is pericycle made of

A

Parenchyma and sclerenchyma

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9
Q

Role of pericycle

A

Maintains meristematic activity

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10
Q

What is xylem tissue made of

A

Tracheids
Vessel elements
Parenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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11
Q

Embolisms

A

Air bubbles formed in plant capillaries

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12
Q

Ions needed by plants

A 
NO3 ^2-
Mg ^2+
PO4 ^3-
K ^+
SO4 ^2-
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13
Q

What is the cortex made of

A

Parenchyma

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14
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from leaves of a plant, occurs from underside of leaf (stomata)
Water moves from areas of high hydrostatic pressure to areas of low hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

Functions of water in plants

A

Turgidity - keep stems and leaves rigid
Photosynthesis
Enzyme reactions - metabolic processes occur in solution
Transport - ions absorbed in solution and transported in xylem

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16
Q

Apoplastic pathway

A

Water moving from soil solution to root hair and across cortex to the xylem in the cell walls

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17
Q

Symplastic pathway

A

Water moving from soil solution to root hair and across cortex to the xylem through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata

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18
Q

Vacuolar pathway

A

Water moving from soil solution to root hair and across cortex to the xylem through the vacuoles

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19
Q

Factors affecting rate of transpiration

A

Temperature
Humidity
Light intensity
Wind

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20
Q

Lignin

A

Causes spirals in xylem

Allows cells to stretch/expand

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21
Q

Adaptations of vessel elements

A

Hollow lumen
Perforated cell ends
Lignin for rigidity

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22
Q

Casparian strip

A

Controls amount of water coming in the endodermis

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23
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

Temperature
Humidity
Light intensity
Water potential gradient

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24
Q

Control variables when using potometer

A

Cut at an angle to increase SA of lumen
Bung to stop water evaporating
Assemble potometer underwater - prevents air from entering
Dry leaves - no water molecules blocking stomata

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25
Functions of roots
Anchor the plant in the ground Store excess carb reserves Absorb water and minerals
26
Purpose of root hairs
Provide a very large surface area for uptake of water and ions
27
Why is the root tip covered by a cap of cells
Protects dividing cells of the top and lubricates root movement
28
Meristem in roots
Increase height of plants
29
Meristem in stem
Increase plant girth
30
Stele
Section in middle of transverse section of dicotyledonous root Endodermis Xylem tissue Phloem tissue
31
Water uptake
Water enters capillaries from soil (osmosis) Apoplast and symplast pathways (root hair cells to cortex) Water leaves apoplast at endodermis and enter from symplast Water enters xylem under root pressure then travels in tracheids and vessel elements Water carried to mesophyll through small veins Evaporates in leaf air spaces and from stomata
32
Pith
Made of parenchyma cells | Forms inner cortex
33
Epidermis in plants
Protects moist under tissues from desiccation and invasion of pathogens
34
Transpiration
Loss of water from a plant | H2O moves from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to areas of low
35
What is transpiration affected by
Gravity Electrostatic forces Water potential
36
How does water enter the xylem from the soil
H2O moves into cell as active transport transports inorganic ions into the cell (ATP) Lowers H2O potential --> higher conc. of solute; conc. gradient H2O can moves from an area of high WP (soil) to an area of low WP (cell) - osmosis
37
Translocation
Movement of dissolved solutes (sucrose) from sources to sinks through the phloem
38
Why is translocation bidirectional
Seeds, tubers and bulbs may also become a source
39
Process of translocation
Glucose formed in photosynthesis and condensed (sucrose) Moves into companion cell by active transport (active loading) Reduces WP allowing H2O to move in (osmosis) Creates high hydrostatic pressure - mass flow Sucrose is actively unloaded from phloem to where its needed for growth and storage
40
Mass flow
High hydrostatic pressure, forcing sap through vessels towards regions of lower pressure
41
How does the process of translocation reoccur
Sink removes sugar, increases WP --> H2O leaves tubes (osmosis) keeping hydrostatic pressure low
42
Tonoplast
Membrane around cell wall
43
Function of endodermis
Controls amount of H2O coming in (casparian strip)
44
What is the Caspian strip made of
Suberin - impermeable to water, lipid
45
What does Casparian strip stop
Movement of water through the apoplast
46
Source to sink
Sugar moving from where its made to where its stored
47
Possible sinks
Seeds Fruit Tuber Roots
48
Possible sources
Leaves | Stem
49
How does water get up the xylem
Root pressure Capillary action Transpirational pull H2O cannot return to cortex through apoplast therefore pressure builds up in cortex pushing H2O up xylem
50
Root pressure
Endodermis in roots uses metabolic energy to pump ions into root Reduces WP in xylem and medulla H2O moves across endodermis into medulla (osmosis)
51
Capillary action
H2O creeps up xylem due to adhesion and cohesion
52
Cohesion
Water molecules sticking together
53
Adhesion
Attraction between water molecules and the walls of the xylem
54
Transpirational pull
Loss of H20 through leaves must be replaced by H2O in xylem H2O moves up xylem as a result of tension, created by loss of water in leaves As H2O moves out of xylem, the whole column gets drawn up due to cohesion
55
How does water move in and exit the leaf
Enters through the xylem, passes through mesophyll (osmosis) and diffuses through air space in spongy mesophyll As H2O vapour collects WP rises, when higher in the leaf --> diffuses out of stomata
56
Mesophytes
Plants adapted to a habitat with adequate water
57
Halophytes
Plants adapted to a salty habitat
58
Xerophytes
Plants adapted to dry habitats
59
Adaptations of xerophytes
Rolled leaves - Traps moist air, increasing humidity (slowing osmosis) Reduced no. and size of stomata Sunken stomata - creates pocket of water vapour --> decreases transpiration Thick waxy cuticle - Reflects light and heat Hairy leaves - Hairs hold layer of moisture, gentle WPG Dense spongy mesophyll
60
Hydrophytes
Plants adapted to live in freshwater
61
Adaptations of hydrophytes
Aerenchyma - parenchyma with many air spaces Reduced root system Large thin leaves Stomata on the upper surface only
62
Adaptations of xylem
End walls removed to form long tubes No cytoplasm/cell organelles - little resistance of flow of water Lignified (waterproofing and strengthening) Bordered pits - allow movement of water between vessels
63
Adaptations of sieve tube elements
``` Form long tubes End walls are retained End walls contain many sieve pores (sieve plates) Thin layer of cytoplasm Very few organelles; no nucleus ```
64
Adaptations of companion cells
Closely associated with sieve tube elements Connected to sieve tube elements by many plasmodesmata Dense cytoplasm with many mitochondria Large nucleus
65
Cohesion-Tension theory
Evaporation at top of the xylem creates tension in the xylem | Water molecules are cohesive and form a column which is then pulled up by tension
66
Transpiration stream
Movement of water up xylem vessels from roots to leaves (area of high hydrostatic pressure to area of low hydrostatic pressure)
67
Translocation occurs through the sieve elements by ...
Mass flow
68
What gets transported in translocation
Assimilates such as sucrose an amino acids
69
Why is using potometer not accurate
Assumption that water uptake by plants is the same as water loss BUT water is used photosynthesis and is produced in respiration
70
Why does wind affect transpiration
Vapour around stomata is blown away Reduces water vapour around stomata Creates steeper wpg

Biology set 3 (25 decks)

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