314 Electrolytes

Question 1

What diagnosis tools are used for electrolyte imbalances

Answer 1

CMP-complete metabolic panel
BMP- basic Metabolic panel

Question 2

Why are aging adults at higher risk for electrolyte imbalances

Answer 2

Impaired thirst response
Renal disease
Impaired mobility
Polypharmacy
Increased laxative use

Question 3

What is the main extra cellular fluid cation?

Answer 3

Sodium

Question 4

What electrolyte plays a major role in ECF volume and concentration?

Answer 4

Sodium

Question 5

What electrolyte plays a major role in generating and transmitting nerve impulses

Answer 5

Sodium

Question 6

What electrolyte plays a major role in muscle contractility

Answer 6

Sodium

Question 7

What electrolyte plays a major role in regulating acid base balance

Answer 7

Sodium
Potassium

Question 8

Euvolemia = ?
Hypovolemia =?
Hypervolemia =?

Answer 8

Normal hydration
Low blood volume
High blood volume

Question 9

Sodium level of under 135 is what

Answer 9

Hyponatremia

Question 10

Cellular swelling and slow depolarization of membranes are physiological changes caused from what

Answer 10

Hyponatremia

Question 11

Symptoms of HA, irritability, difficult concentrating can be mild presentation of hyponatremia. What are the severe symptoms.

Answer 11

Neurological-confusion
Vomiting, seizures, coma, respiratory distress, decreased dtr

Question 12

If hyponatremia is present would you be hypovolemic or hypervolemic?

Answer 12

Can be either depending on fluid volume

Question 13

Sodium replacement should be quick or slow?

Answer 13

Slow

Question 14

Sodium levels of over 145 is what

Answer 14

Hypernatremia

Question 15

Diabetes insipidus can be a cause of what sodium imbalance

Answer 15

Hypernatremia

Question 16

Glucocorticoid medications can be a cause of what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 16

Hypernatremia

Question 17

Presentation of thirst, dry mucous membranes, neurological issues such as restless, twitching, irritability, respiratory compromise, seizures or comas can mean what electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 17

Hypernatremia

Question 18

For a patient with dehydration and hypernatremia, how do you treat?

Answer 18

Monitor LOC
Replace with non-saline isotonic fluids
Encourage water intake
Low sodium diet,
Monitor weight

If client has poor kidney excretion- diuretics might be used

Question 19

What is a major cation in the ICF which levels are mostly controlled by the kidneys

Answer 19

Potassium

Question 20

What electrolyte plays a role in cell metabolism

Answer 20

Potassium

Question 21

What electrolyte plays a role in cell Transmission of nerve impulses

Answer 21

Potassium

Question 22

What electrolyte plays a role in cardiac function

Answer 22

Potassium

Question 23

What electrolyte plays a role in muscle tissue

Answer 23

Potassium

Question 24

If a patient has potassium of under 3.5 it is what

Answer 24

Hypokalemia

Question 25

Overuse of diuretics, kidney disease, and GI losses are causes of what

Answer 25

Hypokalemia

Question 26

Relative potassium deficits are caused from what?

Answer 26

Alkalosis Hyperinsulinemia TPN (total parenteral nutrition) Water Intoxication

Question 27

Hypomagnesemia often occurs in conjunction with what other electrolyte imbalance

Answer 27

Hypokalemia

Question 28

Vitals of decreased BP, weak threads pulse, orthostatic hypotension, altered mental state , lethargy or anxiety, hypoactive bowel sounds, weakness and shallow breathing could be a presentation of what electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 28

Hypokalemia

Question 29

If a hypokalemic patient was put on an ECG monitor. What could be shown?

Answer 29

Flat T-wave Prominent U-wave ST depression Prolonged PR

Question 30

How to treat hypokalemia

Answer 30

Encourage foods high in potassium Give IV potassium (never bolus!!!) SLOW - never more than 10mEq/h Monitor cardiac rhythms Monitor bowel sounds Educate patient -diuretic use

Question 31

Potassium levels of over 5.0 is what

Answer 31

Hyperkalemia

Question 32

ACE inhibitors, salt substitutes, and kidney failure can all cause what?

Answer 32

Hyperkalemia

Question 33

Acidosis, or tissue damage (from trauma, sepsis, burns..) can be a relative cause of what

Answer 33

Hyperkalemia

Question 34

Hyperkalemia increases the risk of what?

Answer 34

Cardiac arrest

Question 35

ECG presentation of tall peaked T-waves, wide QRS, and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can be a presentation of what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 35

Hyperkalemia

Question 36

Hyperkalemia vitals would show what

Answer 36

Slow irregular pulse. Hypotension

Question 37

Hyperkalemia would present how in the gastrointestinal system

Answer 37

Diarrhea! Increased movement and sounds

Question 38

Hyperkalemia presents how with neuromuscular system

Answer 38

Restless and irritable, weakness, paralysis, parenthesias

Question 39

How to treat hyperkalemia

Answer 39

Monitor cardiac rhythm Avoid potassium foods Diuretics Medications that bind k in GI severe tx: IV insulin and dextrose Calcium gluconate (protects heart) Dialysis

Question 40

What electrolyte is important for cell function, intracellular signaling and nerve conduction, and blood coagulation?

Answer 40

Calcium

Question 41

Calcium balance is regulated by what

Answer 41

PTH and calcitonin

Question 42

Thyroidectomy, hypoparathyroidism, and pancreatitis can cause what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 42

Hypocalcemia

Question 43

Hyperphosphatemia, vit D deficiency, plasmapheresis can cause what electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 43

Hypocalcemia

Question 44

What medications can cause Hypocalcemia

Answer 44

Diuretics Corticosteroids Phosphates

Question 45

Paresthesias of the finger and lips, positive chvosteks sign, muscle spasms are presentations of what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 45

Hypocalcemia

Question 46

What cardiac presentations would you see with Hypocalcemia

Answer 46

Prolonged ST and QT Risk of decreased heart rate and hypotension

Question 47

What happens to the gastrointestinal system with Hypocalcemia

Answer 47

Hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea, abdominal cramps

Question 48

How to treat Hypocalcemia

Answer 48

Replace with calcium supplement Vit d supplements High calcium foods If severe -seizure precautions - Iv calcium gluconate

Question 49

Long term consequences of low calcium

Answer 49

Depression Anxiety Osteoporosis

Question 50

What is some client education for Hypocalcemia

Answer 50

Supplementation And calcium replacement

Question 51

Hypercalcemia levels are what?

Answer 51

Over 10.3

Question 52

Hyperparathyroidism or malignancy can cause what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 52

Hypercalcemia

Question 53

Chronic Hypercalcemia can lead to what issues

Answer 53

Bone loss, osteoporosis, renal calculi

Question 54

Severe Hypercalcemia levels of 14 and 15 would present as how

Answer 54

Encephalitis at 14 Life threatening at 15

Question 55

Normal Magnesium levels

Answer 55

1.3-2.1

Question 56

Excessive alcohol use can lead to what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 56

Hypomagnesemia

Question 57

Celiacs and Crohn’s disease can cause what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 57

Hypomagnesemia

Question 58

Hyperactive DTRs, paresthesias, muscle tetany, seizures, and positive chvosteks sign and delirium are presentation’s of what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 58

Hypomagnesemia

Question 59

Hypomagnesemia presents how with cardiac system?

Answer 59

Dyrhythmias esp in myocardial infarction

Question 60

How would Hypomagnesemia effect the gastrointestinal system

Answer 60

Hypoactive bowel sounds with constipation, paralytic ileus, abdominal distention.