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Philosophy > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

0
Q

What does normative ethics ask

A

What are these principle we use to arrive at moral judgements

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1
Q

What does metaethics ask

A

From where do our moral principles come?

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2
Q

What does applied ethics ask

A

How can we apply ethical judgements to a particular problem

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3
Q

What would egoistic relativist say

A

We can’t know anything for certain

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4
Q

Why is the concept of egoistic relativism self defeating

A

By saying you can never say you know something for certain you are certain in your judgement of assuming you can’t know anything

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5
Q

What is social relativism

A

Morality is relative to the society and their given beliefs

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6
Q

What would an egoistic relativist say in regards to morality

A

It is relative to the individual

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7
Q

What is incommensurable pluralism

A

The belief that there is no way to reach a modus vivendi

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8
Q

What is metaethical relativism

A

Skepticism about the existence of any firm and universal moral principle

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9
Q

What is grounding morality

A

Finding a starting point to base all morality off of

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10
Q

Who or what is the starting point for metaphysical grounding

A

God or religion

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11
Q

What did Emile Durkheim say in moral education

A

He based our morality on God (metaphysical grounding)

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12
Q

What did Simon Blackburn respond to Durkheim

A

Religion removes all the possibility of ethics

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13
Q

What’s divine command theory

A

The theory that was is good, is good because it is compatible with God

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14
Q

What are agape ethics

A

It’s basis are the two commandments based on love.

1) love your God
2) love your neighbour as yourself

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15
Q

What is the euthyphro dilemma

A

Are things good because God love them or does God love good things

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16
Q

What is situational ethics

A

An extreme form of agape ethics in which love is the only commandment everything else is based on particulars

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17
Q

What’s naturalistic grounding

A

Basing our morality on what coheres with nature

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18
Q

What is social Darwinism

A

Survival of the fittest. The great flourish while the weak and foolish are to die

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19
Q

What is altruism

A

The belief that humans can do things out of the goodness of our hearts

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20
Q

What is Humes guillotine

A

There is a difference between what is and what ought to be so we should ignore naturalistic arguments that attempt to define morality

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21
Q

What is sociological grounding in ethics

A

An attempt to base morality off of what is observed in society

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22
Q

What is the deontological grounding in ethics

A

The belief that we should always do the right thing regardless of its consequences

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23
Q

Who created categorical imperative

A

Immanuel Kant

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24
Q

What’s the consequentialist grounding for ethics

A

What is moral is what leads to the right outcome

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25
Q

What story is used to demonstrate psychological egoism

A

The magic ring

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26
Q

What do determinists believe

A

We have no free will

27
Q

What is ultracalvinism

A

The belief that God controls everything

28
Q

What is the theory that we are determined based on natural laws

A

Scientific determinism

29
Q

What is libertarianism

A

The belief that humans have free will

30
Q

What is existentialism

A

The belief that we have free will but there are also factors that we can’t control

31
Q

What are excusing conditions

A

Factors in a situation that may excuse immoral actions

32
Q

What are three common excusing conditions

A

Ignorance, compulsion, trying

33
Q

What are the major normative systems of ethics

A

Virtue ethics, deontology, consequentialism

34
Q

What is deontology

A

A moral theory that centres on the concept of duty

35
Q

What is categorical imperative

A

Using apriori reasoning to come to the nature of moral reality

36
Q

What is a maxim

A

A principle

37
Q

What were kants 4 steps to arrive at a principle

A

Find the principle on which an ethical decision is being made, imagine a world in which the maxim was universal, will maxim lead to contradictions? If so it is immoral

38
Q

What was Benjamin constants critique of kants moral theory

A

He asked the questions
Is the right thing to do to be honest in all circumstances?
Is withholding info the same as lying?
Is allowing a person to continue with false belief a form of lying?

39
Q

What example did Constant use to question Kant

A

Hiding an innocent person and a murderer asks if he is in there

40
Q

What did Kant say in response to constant

A

You have to tell the truth to the murderer

41
Q

What is hedonism

A

Seeking any form of pleasure

42
Q

What were the 6 elements in benthams hedonistic calculus

A

Intensity, duration, certainty, fecundity, purity and John Stuart mill added extent

43
Q

What is moderation

A

The middle ground between two extremes (excess and deficient)

44
Q

What is phronesis

A

Practical wisdom

45
Q

What was macintyres critique of virtue ethics

A

Virtues are only moral depending on circumstance

46
Q

What are the natural law ethics of aquinas

A

The will and nature of God are imprinted on the natural world and on humans themselves

47
Q

What are affect based ethics

A

Looking for basic moral principles in human feelings

48
Q

What is emotivism

A

A subjectivist branch of affect based ethics. Assumes moral judgements are only products of emotions and attitudes of approval or disproval

49
Q

Why is pity not a virtue to Seneca

A

He believed it was a mental defect so it’s not virtuous

50
Q

Why did the Hindus believe pity was a vice

A

You are not in the position to pity other people

51
Q

Why does Nietzsche believe pity is a vice

A

It’s continuously depressive

52
Q

What is Gillian’s ethics of care

A

A system of ethics that establishes caring as the value to which morality should be organized

53
Q

What is pragmatism

A

Guiding your morality based on experience. Understanding there is no starting point

54
Q

What is the proximity principle

A

The fact that we emphasize more with people who are closer to us

55
Q

What are the basic responsibility to protect core principles

A

The state has the primary responsibility, if the state can’t protect then it is an international responsibility to protect

56
Q

What are the elements of the responsibility to protect

A

The responsibility to prevent, responsibility to react, responsibility to rebuild

57
Q

What are the priorities in the responsibility to protect

A

Prevention is the single most important dimension of responsibility to protect, and always use the less severe alternative first

58
Q

What are maximal pacifists

A

People who believe you can never use war or violence to stop violence

59
Q

what is militarism

A

The belief that using military force to settle disputes is morally right

60
Q

What is just war theory

A

Causing a war is wrong there are particular conditions under which it becomes morally obligatory to engage in a war

61
Q

What are environmental ethics

A

questions if we have a moral obligation to other life forms on the planet

62
Q

What is the anthropocentric principle

A

The belief that conventional ethics is human centred

63
Q

What do ethicists mean when they talk about a person

A

A conscious individual whose interests must be weighted in moral deliberation

64
Q

What 3 things did John Locke believe all humans were entitled to

A

Life, liberty, and property

65
Q

Did Locke believe humans come into the world with rights

A

Yes

Philosophy (6 decks)

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