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AtSc > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is ISA?

A

15 C
1013.2 mb
29.92” Hg
2C/1000’

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2
Q

What is the temperature relative to ISA if it is 35C at 5000’?

A

15- (2x5)=+5

35-5=ISA+30

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3
Q

What different things affect wind?

A

Friction
Pressure gradient force
Coriolis force

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4
Q

What happens to winds near the surface?

A

Crosses isobars and angles towards low pressure

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5
Q

What happens to winds above the friction layer?

A

Parallels the isobars

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6
Q

What is land breeze?

A

Cooler air over water moves towards land

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7
Q

What is sea breeze?

A

Cooler air over land moving towards water

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8
Q

Where is the jet stream the strongest?

A

In the middle

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9
Q

When is the polar frontal jet stream the strongest?

A

In the winter, it is also displaced south

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10
Q

What is deposition?

A

Gas to solid

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11
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Solid to gas

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12
Q

When is heat given off?

A

Going from gas to solid

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13
Q

What is required for clouds?

A

Water vapor
Aerosol
Cooling

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14
Q

What do cloud types depend on?

A

Stability

Extent of vertical motion

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15
Q

Is cold air over warm stable?

A

No

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16
Q

Is warm air over cold stable?

A

Yes

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17
Q

When can you expect rain?

A

Warm air in could, sub cloud, and ground

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18
Q

When can you expect freezing rain?

A

Cold air sub cloud and cold air at the ground

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19
Q

When can you expect ice pellets?

A

Cold/warm air at ground level

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20
Q

How is a cold front sloped?

A

Not very steep

1:50

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21
Q

How is a warm front sloped?

A

steep

1:200

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22
Q

What is NESDIS?

A

National Environmental Satellite, Data and
Information Service

Provides timely access to global environmental
data from satellites and other sources to
promote, protect, & enhance the Nation’s
economy, security, environment, & quality of life

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23
Q

What is SAB?

A 
Satellite Analysis Branch
Operational focal point for
•	Real time imagery products
•	Multi-disciplinary
environmental analysis
–	Supports disaster mitigation and
warning services for US agencies
–	Schedules and distributes real
time satellite imagery
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24
Q

What is NWS?

A 
National Weather Service
–	Provides weather data,
forecasts and warnings for
the protection of life and
property
–	Provides national
information data base
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25
Q

What is NCEP?

A 
National Center for
Environmental Prediction
	All global meteorological data is
collected and analyzed
–	Provides a wide variety of national
and international weather
guidance products to everyone
–	Nine (9) Specialized Centers for
Analyzing and Forecasting
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26
Q

What is NCO?

A 
NCEP Central Operations
Provides the computational resources
necessary to prepare daily weather
forecasts, charts and supply the nation
with weather warnings
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27
Q

What is AWC?

A

Aviation Weather Center
Issues warnings, forecasts and analyses
of hazardous weather for aviation

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28
Q

What is SPC?

A

Storm Prediction Center
Provides timely forecasts and watches for
severe thunderstorms and tornadoes over
the contiguous United States.

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29
Q

What is TPC?

A

Tropical Prediction Center
Issues watches, warnings, forecasts,
and analyses of hazardous tropical
weather

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30
Q

What is HPC?

A 
Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
	Provides analysis and forecast
products specializing in
–	quantitative precipitation forecasts
–	weather forecast guidance
–	real time model diagnostics
–	surface pressure and frontal analysis
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31
Q

What is WFO?

A

Weather Forecast Office
Issues public and aviation forecasts
and weather warnings for its area of
responsibility

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32
Q

What is CWSU?

A 
Center Weather Service Unit
	Located at Air Route Traffic Control
Centers (ARTCC)
•	Staffed by National Weather Service
meteorologists
•	Provide weather consultation to
traffic managers & controllers
	Meteorologist delivers detailed
weather briefings to managers and
supervisors twice a day
•	Frequent updates are given in fast
changing weather situations.
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33
Q

What is ATCSCC?

A 
Air Route Traffic System
Command Center
Balances air traffic demand with
system capacity
–	Maximizes safety & efficiency
–	Minimizes delay
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34
Q

What is TRACON?

A 
Manage airspace at selected airports
–	10 to 40 miles from airport
–	below 13,000 ft
•	Coordinate aircraft spacing as they
arrival and depart airports
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35
Q

What are primary weather products?

A 
–	Weather products that may be use to
meet aviation weather regulatory
requirements and safety needs
–	Must be used to make flight-related,
aviation weather decisions
–	Produced by NWS
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36
Q

What are supplemental products?

A 
–	May be used for enhanced situational
awareness
–	May only be used in conjunction with one
or more primary weather products
–	Augment primary products
–	Provide additional information
–	May not be used as stand alone to
products to meet regulatory requirements
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37
Q

What are observations?

A

Raw weather data collected by a sensor

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38
Q

What is in-situ

A

Measured directly

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39
Q

What is remote?

A

Measured indirectly

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40
Q

What can you use to get surface observations?

A

– Human Observers
– ASOS
– AWOS
– LLWAS

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41
Q

How are upper air observations done?

A

– Rawinsondes
– Profilers
– ACARS
– Satellite

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42
Q

What time are SPECis taken at?

A

0-50

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43
Q

What is VFR?

A

> 5mi

>3000’

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44
Q

What is MVFR?

A

5-3mi

3000-1000

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45
Q

What is IFR?

A

< 3mi

<1000

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46
Q

What does AUTO in a METAR mean?

A

Fully automated, removed if their is a human observer

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47
Q

What is COR in METAR?

A

Correction

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48
Q

When is VRB used in METAR?

A

</= 6

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49
Q

What does 180V240?

A

Variable direction, changes by more then 60 degrees if greater than 6 knots

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50
Q

What is a gust?

A

Variations of 10 knots or more between peak and lull

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51
Q

What is visibility in a METAR?

A

The greatest distance objects can be seen and identified through at least half of the horizon circle, not necessarily continuous

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52
Q

What does M1/4SM mean?

A

Auto only vis

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53
Q

What is R21/1600FT?

A

Runway 21

1600 ft vis

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54
Q

What is significant weather identifier?

A

– Present at the Station or in the
Vicinity
– Qualifier & Weather Phenomena

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55
Q

What are the intensity qualifier?

A
  • light
    none moderate
    + heavy
56
Q

What is the intensity based on for rain, snow or drizzle, and ice pellets?

A

– Rain Rate of Fall
– Snow or Drizzle Visibility
– Ice Pellets Rate of Fall & Visibility

57
Q

What does VC mean?

A

Vicinity

W/n 5-10 sm of station

58
Q

What is MI?

A

Shallow

59
Q

What is BL?

A

Blowing

60
Q

What is PR?

A

Partial

61
Q

What is SH ?

A

Showers

62
Q

What is BC?

A

Patches

63
Q

What is TS?

A

Thunderstorm

64
Q

What is FZ?

A

Freezing

65
Q

What is DR?

A

Low drifting

66
Q

What is DZ?

A

Drizzle

67
Q

What is SG?

A

Snow grains

68
Q

What is UP?

A

Unknown precip

69
Q

What is PL?

A

Ice pellets

70
Q

What is GS?

A

Small Hail

71
Q

What is GR?

A

Hail (>1/4)

72
Q

What is IC?

A

Ice crystals

73
Q

What is SA?

A

Sand

74
Q

What is DU?

A

Widespread dust

75
Q

What is FU?

A

Smoke

76
Q

What is PY?

A

Spray

77
Q

What is VA?

A

Volcanic Ash

78
Q

What is SS?

A

Sandstorm

79
Q

What is PO?

A

Dust/ Sand whirls

80
Q

What is SQ?

A

Squalls

81
Q

What is FC?

A

Funnel cloud

82
Q

What is +FC?

A

Tornado or waterspout

83
Q

What is sky coverage given in?

A

OKTAs 1/8ths

84
Q

What sky coverage is SKC or CLR?

A

0/8

85
Q

What sky coverage is FEW?

A

1/8-2/8

86
Q

What sky coverage is SCT?

A

3/8-4/8

87
Q

What sky coverage is BKN?

A

5/8-7/8

88
Q

What is OVC?

A

8/8

89
Q

What is packing effect?

A

Human observers tend to overestimate cloud coverage

90
Q

What is BKN060TCU?

A

Towering cumulus

91
Q

What is OVC045CB?

A

Cumulonimbus

92
Q

What is vertical visibility?

A

The distance that the observer can see vertically into a ceiling

93
Q

What is VV002?

A

Vertical visibility 200 ft

94
Q

What is a ceiling?

A

Lowest layer broken or overcast

Also vert vis

95
Q

Is vertical vis an indefinite ceiling?

A

Yes

96
Q

How high do automated stations measure?

A

To 12,000

97
Q

What is CLR?

A

No clouds reported below 12,000 ft

98
Q

What is SKC?

A

No clouds reported

99
Q

When is temp and dew point omitted?

A

When temp is not available

If no dew pt then just temp

100
Q

What is AO1?

A

Without precip discriminator

101
Q

What is AO2?

A

With a precip discriminator

102
Q

With lighting what are the different abbreviations?

A

IC in cloud
CG Cloud to ground
CC Cloud to cloud
CA Cloud to sir

103
Q

What is PRESRR?

A

Pressure rising rapidly

104
Q

What is SNICR

A

Snow increasing rapidly

105
Q

What is P group?

A

Hourly precip

total aqua since last report

106
Q

What is P0003?

A

.03” of precip

107
Q

What are advantages of ASOS?

A

– Rapid Updates
– More Frequent Specials
– 24 hours a day, 7 days a week

	Fully Automated
–	Observations at smaller airports where
none existed
–	Relieves personnel to do more
important duties

Cost effective

Consistent

108
Q

What is ASOS level d?

A

– Minimum Level of Acceptable Standard
– ASOS Produces Entire Observation
• No Augmentation

109
Q

What is ASOS level C?

A

Includes All Level D Elements Plus
Augmentation and Back-Up By
• Human Observer or
• ATC Specialist

110
Q

What is ASOS level B?

A

Includes All Elements of Level C Plus
• Augmentation of additional data beyond
ASOS capability

•	RVR (if observed)
•	Freezing Drizzle vs. Freezing Rain
•	Ice Pellets
•	Snow Depth and Snow Rate of Increase
•	Observed Significant Weather Not at the
Station
111
Q

What is ASOS level A?

A 
–	10 minute RVR or visibility increments
of 1/8, 1/16 and 0 miles
–	Variable sky condition
–	Cloud layers and types above 12,000 ft
–	Widespread dust, sand and other
obscurations
–	Volcanic eruptions
112
Q

What is operator interface device?

A

Means by which on-site observer
enters back-up or augmentation
observations

113
Q

How is temp and dew point measured?

A 
Hygrothermometer
–	Temperature
•	Platinum Resistance
Thermistor
–	5 minute average
–	Dew Point
•	Chilled Mirror
–	1 minute average
114
Q

How is speed measured?

A

• Speed
– Cup Anemometer
• Direction
– Wind Vane

2 min avg
Gusts every 5 seconds

115
Q

How is pressure measured?

A

Capacitance-type
digital pressure
transducer

Airports w/ tower 3 independent censors
Non-towered 2
1 min average

116
Q

How is precipitation accumulation measured?

A

Automated Heated

Tipping Bucket

117
Q

How are cloud heights measured?

A

Cloud Height Indicator
(CHI) Sensor

–	Vertically pointing
laser (LIDAR)
–	Similar to radar
•	Round trip time
determines cloud height

30 min average
Most recent 10 min doubled
Updated every min
3-5 mi area

118
Q

What are could amounts based one?

A 
Based on percentage of
time that ‘cloud hits’ are
reported
CLR   0 TO 4%
FEW    5 TO 24%
SCT    25 TO 49%
BKN    50 TO 86%
OVC    87 TO 100%
119
Q

When is vertical visibility reported?

A 
Vertical visibility is
reported when
–	Visibility < 1 mi
–	Back-scatter extends
from surface to less
than 2,000 ft
120
Q

How is surface visibility measured?

A 
•	Forward Scatter Sensor
–	Forward Scatter of Light
•	Transmitter & Receiver
•	Measures Clarity of Air
–	Sensor Equivalent
Visibility
•	Converted to Human
Visibility
•	Sample Volume
.75 cu. ft.							
•	10 Minute Average

Doesn’t measure backscatter light

121
Q

How is present weather measured?

A

– Lightning Detection Sensor
– Precipitation Identification Sensor
– Freezing Rain Sensor

122
Q

What is lightning detection?

A 
•	Single Site Lightning Sensor
–	TS
•	Strikes within 5 miles
–	VCTS
•	Strikes from 5 to 10 miles
•	Automated Lightning Detection And
Reporting System (ALDARS)
123
Q

How is precipitation identification measured?

A 
Light Emitting Diode
Weather Identifier
(LEDWI)
–	Transmitter
•	Infrared Light Beam
–	Receiver
•	Photo Diode
–	Shadow determines type
of precipitation
124
Q

How is snow intensity measured?

A

Light >.5
Moderate .5-.25
Heavy >.25

125
Q

What is a freezing rain sensor?

A

Magnetostrictive Oscillator

• Reports Freezing Rain When
– Temperature < 37oF
– Accumulation of Ice on Sensor

126
Q

What does AWOS A have?

A

Altimeter

127
Q

What does AWOS 1 have?

A 
–	Altimeter setting
–	Wind
–	Temperature
–	Dewpoint
–	Density Altitude
128
Q

What does AWOS 2 have?

A

AWOS-1 plus visibility

129
Q

What does AWOS3 have?

A

AWOS-2 plus cloud/ceiling data

130
Q

What does AWOS3 P/T?

A

AWOS-3 plus
• precipitation discrimination
• thunderstorm identification

131
Q

What deos NO mean?

A

Something is inop

132
Q

What are on SIGMETs?

A
  • Thunderstorms and hail
  • Turbulence
  • Icing
  • Sand and dust storms
  • Tropical cyclones
  • Volcanic ash
133
Q

When are SIGMETs issued?

A

when conditions occur over
area 3,000 sq mi or has significant
effect on safety of aircraft operations

134
Q

When else are SIGMETs issued?

A 
–	Severe or greater turbulence
–	Severe icing
–	Widespread dust storm
–	Widespread sand storms
–	Volcanic Ash
–	Tropical Cyclones
135
Q

When are clouds reported in MSL in a SIGMET?

A

All the time except when a ceiling (CIG) and when noted AGL

136
Q

What is UWS?

A

Urgent sigmet

137
Q

What is the valid period for volcanic ash or tropical cyclones?

A 
•	6 hours
•	Outlook up to 12 hours
•	Reissued every 6 hours
•	Cancelled when phenomena is
–	No longer occurring or
–	Expected to occur

AtSc (7 decks)

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